Amandla e-Geothermal. Konke odinga ukukwazi

Izwe lamandla avuselelekayo liya ngokuya lingenalutho ezimakethe zomhlaba ngenxa yokuncintisana kwalo okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle ngokwengeziwe. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamandla avuselelekayo (njengoba ngicabanga ukuthi sonke siyazi) kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi emandleni avuselelekayo, sithola amanye “adumile”, njengamandla elanga nawomoya, namanye angaziwa njenge amandla we-geothermal kanye ne-biomass.

Kulokhu okuthunyelwe ngizokhuluma ngakho konke okuphathelene namandla we-geothermal. Kusukela ukuthi kuyini, kusebenza kanjani nezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo emhlabeni wamandla avuselelekayo.

Uyini amandla we-geothermal?

Amandla we-geothermal wuhlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo olususelwa kulo ekusetshenzisweni kokushisa okukhona enhlabathini engaphansi kweplanethi yethu. Okusho ukuthi, sebenzisa ukushisa kwe- izingqimba zangaphakathi zomhlaba futhi ngayo kukhiqiza amandla. Amandla avuselelekayo ngokuvamile asebenzisa izinto zangaphandle ezifana namanzi, umoya nelanga. Kodwa-ke, amandla we-geothermal anjalo ukuphela kwento eyeqa le nkambiso yangaphandle.

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Uyabona, kune-gradient lokushisa elijule ngaphansi kwenhlabathi esinyathela kuyo. Okungukuthi, izinga lokushisa loMhlaba lizokhula njengoba sehla futhi sisondela enkabeni yoMhlaba. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi imisindo ejulile abantu abakwaze ukuyifinyelela ayidluli i-12 km ngokujula, kepha siyazi ukuthi i-gradient yokushisa iyakhula izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi phakathi kuka-2 ° C no-4 ° C ngawo wonke amamitha ayi-100 esiwehlayo. Kunezindawo ezahlukahlukene zeplanethi lapho le gradient inkulu kakhulu futhi kungenxa yokuthi uqweqwe lomhlaba lucekeceke ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, izingqimba zangaphakathi zoMhlaba (njengejazi, elishisayo) zisondele ebusweni bomhlaba futhi zinikeza ukushisa okwengeziwe.

Yebo, lokho kuzwakala kukuhle, kepha kukhishwa kuphi futhi kanjani amandla okushisa komhlaba?

Amachibi we-geothermal

Njengoba ngishilo ngaphambili, kunezindawo zeplanethi lapho i-gradient eshisayo ngokujula ibonakala kakhulu kunezinye izindawo. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokushisa kwangaphakathi koMhlaba kuphakeme kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla we-geothermal incane kakhulu kunamandla elanga (60 mW / m² ye-geothermal uma kuqhathaniswa ne-340 mW / m² yelanga). Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezishiwo lapho i-theradi gradient inkulu khona, ebizwa ngamachibi we-geothermal, amandla okukhiqiza amandla aphezulu kakhulu (afinyelela ku-200 mW / m²). Lelikhono eliphezulu lokukhiqiza amandla lidala ukwanda kokushisa ezindaweni zamanzi ezingasetshenziswa ezimbonini.

Ukuze ukhiphe amandla emithonjeni yamanzi eshisa phansi, okokuqala kudingeka ukuthi kwenziwe isifundo semakethe esisebenzayo ngoba izindleko zokubhola zikhula kakhulu ngokujula. Lokho kungukuthi, njengoba singena shí kufayela le- umzamo wokukhipha ukushisa ebusweni uyanda.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo zamadiphozithi wokuma komhlaba sithola ezintathu: amanzi ashisayo, omile kanye namagiza

Izinqolobane zamanzi ashisayo

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamachibi amanzi ashisayo: lezo zomthombo nezingaphansi komhlaba. Okwakudala kungasetshenziswa njengamabhavu ashisayo, uwahlanganise kancane namanzi abandayo ukuze ukwazi ukugeza kuwo, kepha inenkinga yamazinga okugeleza okuphansi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ayizinqolobane zamanzi asezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu futhi ajulile. Lolu hlobo lwamanzi lungasetshenziswa ukuze ikwazi ukukhipha ukushisa kwayo kwangaphakathi. Singajikeleza amanzi ashisayo ngamaphampu ukusizakala ngokushisa kwawo.

Kwenziwa kanjani ukuxhashazwa kwamachibi amanzi ashisayo? Ukuze usebenzise amandla wamanzi ashisayo, ukuxhashazwa kufanele kwenziwe ngenani elithile lemithombo, ngendlela yokuthi kuyo yonke imithombo emibili kutholakala amanzi ashisayo abuyiswe ngomjovo ku-aquifer ngemuva kokupholisa phansi. Lolu hlobo lokuxhashazwa lubonakala pnoma isikhathi esingapheli ngesikhathi ngoba amathuba okuqeda lelo damu lokushisa cishe awekho, ngoba amanzi ajovwa abuyela ku-aquifer. Amanzi agcina ukugeleza okungaguquki futhi nenani lamanzi alishintshi, ngakho-ke asiwaqedi amanzi akhona ku-aquifer, kepha sisebenzisa amandla ayo wekhalori ukufudumeza nabanye. Futhi kunenzuzo enkulu ngoba siyabona ukuthi alukho uhlobo lokungcola njengoba isekethe lamanzi elivaliwe lingavumeli noma yikuphi ukuvuza.

Ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa lapho sithola khona amanzi echibini, amandla akhishwa yi-geothermal akhishwe azoba nemisebenzi ehlukile:

Amanzi ashisayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu

Sithola amanzi anamazinga okushisa e- kuze kufike ku-400 ° C bese kukhiqizwa umusi ebusweni. Nge-turbine nange-alternator, amandla kagesi angenziwa futhi asatshalaliswe emadolobheni ngamanethiwekhi.

Amanzi ashisayo emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo

La manzi ashisayo atholakala kuma-aquifers anezinga lokushisa eliphansi, okuthi, kakhulu afinyelela ku-150 ° C. Yingakho ukuguqulwa komhwamuko wamanzi kube ugesi kwenziwa ngokusebenza okuncane futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokusebenzisa uketshezi oluguquguqukayo.

Amanzi ashisayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi

Lezi zimali zinayo amanzi cishe ngama-70 ° C ngakho-ke ukushisa kwayo kuvela kuphela ku-gradient geothermal.

Amanzi ashisayo ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu

Sithola amanzi okushisa kwawo ukufinyelela okungu-50 ° C. Amandla we-geothermal angatholakala ngalolu hlobo lwamanzi asisiza ukuthi sihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zasekhaya njengokushisa kwasekhaya.

Izinkambu ezomile

Izinqolobane ezomile yizindawo lapho itshe lome futhi lishisa kakhulu. Kulolu hlobo lwamadiphozithi Alukho uketshezi oluthwala amandla okushisa komhlaba noma yiluphi uhlobo lwento engenayo. Yizingcweti ezethula lezi zinhlobo zezici ukuze zikwazi ukudlulisa ukushisa. Lezi zimali zinesivuno esiphansi nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphakeme.

Siwakhipha kanjani amandla okushisa komhlaba kulezi zinkambu? Ukuze usebenze ngokwanele futhi uthole inzuzo yezomnotho, indawo engaphansi komhlaba iyadingeka engejule kakhulu (ngoba izindleko zokusebenza zanda kakhulu njengokukhuphuka kokujula) futhi enezinto ezomile noma amatshe kodwa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu. Umhlaba umbiwe ukuze ufinyelele kulezi zinto futhi amanzi ajovwa lapho kubhola khona. Lapho sijova la manzi, kwenziwa omunye umgodi esisusa ngawo amanzi ashisayo ukuze sisebenzise amandla awo.

Okubi ngalolu hlobo lwamachibi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe nezinto zokwenziwa kwalo mkhuba namanje ayinakuguquka kwezomnotho, ngakho-ke umsebenzi uyenziwa ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwawo.

Imali efakwa yiGeyser

Ama-geyser ayiziphethu ezishisayo ngokwemvelo ezikhipha amaphunga omphunga namanzi ashisayo. Bambalwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokuzwela kwabo, amagiza atholakala ezindaweni lapho inhlonipho nokunakekelwa kwabo kumele kube phezulu ukuze kungabangeli ukusebenza kwabo kwehle.

Ukuze kukhishwe ukushisa emithonjeni yegiza, ukushisa kwayo kufanele kuboshwe ngqo ngama-turbine ukuthola amandla kagesi. Inkinga ngalolu hlobo lokukhishwa yilokho ukufakwa kabusha kwamanzi asevele kushisa okuphansi kwenza ama-magmas aphole futhi awenze aphele. Kuphinde kwahlaziywa ukuthi umjovo wamanzi abandayo nokupholisa kwama-magmas kuveza ukuzamazama komhlaba okuncane kepha okuvamile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla we-geothermal

Sizibonile izinhlobo zamachibi okukhishwa kwamandla we-geothermal, kepha asikakahlaziyi ukusetshenziswa abangakunikezwa. Namuhla amandla we-geothermal angasetshenziswa ezicini eziningi zempilo yethu yansuku zonke. Ingasetshenziselwa ukufudumeza nokwakha izimo ezifanele ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nokunikeza ukushisa kwezindlu nezindawo zokuthenga.

Ingasetshenziselwa ukupholisa nokukhiqizwa kwamanzi ashisayo asekhaya. Ngokuvamile amandla we-geothermal asetshenziselwa ama-spa, ukufudumeza kanye namanzi ashisayo, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi, wokukhishwa kwamaminerali nakwezolimo nasolwandle.

Izinzuzo zamandla we-geothermal

Into yokuqala okufanele siyigqamise maqondana nezinzuzo zamandla we-geothermal ukuthi luhlobo lwe amandla avuselelekayo ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengamandla ahlanzekile. Ukuxhashazwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwamandla akukhiqizi ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa futhi ngenxa yalokho akulimazi ungqimba lwe-ozone noma kufaka isandla ekwandiseni imiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Cha kuveza udoti.
Izindleko zokukhiqiza amandla kagesi avela kulolu hlobo lwamandla zishibhile kakhulu. Zishibhile kunezitshalo zamalahle noma izitshalo zamandla enuzi.
Inani lamandla okushisa komhlaba elingakhiqizwa emhlabeni kukholakala ukuthi liphakeme kunawo wonke uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, i-uranium namalahle kuhlangene.

Okubi kwamandla we-geothermal

Okokugcina, njengoba kungeyona yonke into enhle, kufanele sihlaziye ububi bokusetshenziswa kwamandla we-geothermal.

Enye yezingqinamba ezinkulu ukuthi isenokuthuthuka okuncane kwezobuchwepheshe. Empeleni namuhla Akushiwo neze lapho amandla avuselelekayo efakwa kuhlu.
Kukhona izingozi ngesikhathi sokuxhashazwa kwayo kokuvuza okungaba khona kwe- i-hydrogen sulfide ne-arsenic, okuyizinto ezingcolisa.
Ukuncishiswa kwendawo kusho ukuthi izitshalo zamandla kagesi aphela ngamandla omhlaba kufanele zifakwe kuphela ezindaweni lapho ukushisa komhlaba ongaphansi kakhulu kuphakeme kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla akhiqizwayo kufanele asetshenziswe endaweni lapho ekhishwa khona, Ayikwazi ukuhanjiswa iye ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu njengoba ukusebenza kahle kungalahleka.
Izikhungo zezitshalo zamandla kagesi adonsa amanzi zibangela ezinkulu imithelela yezwe.
Amandla we-geothermal akuwona amandla angapheli ngokwawo selokhu ukushisa komhlaba kuphela.
Kwezinye izindawo lapho kukhishwa khona la mandla, kuba nokuzamazama komhlaba okuncane ngenxa yomjovo wamanzi.