Kwezolimo ziyasetshenziswa amanani amakhulu wamakhemikhali ukusheshisa inqubo yokukhula kwezitshalo, ukwandisa isivuno ngokugwema izinambuzane, ukhula, njll. Kuyo yonke le misebenzi amakhemikhali alahlwa ezitshalweni. Lawa makhemikhali awela phansi futhi awamunce. Lokho abaningi abangakucabangi ukuthi la makhemikhali ane-nitrogen agcina engcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba esivela kuwo.
Iziqephu zemvula ezisinda kakhulu, njengalezi esibe nazo kulezi zinyanga, zithwala inani elikhulu lalawa makhemikhali ayingozi empilweni yabantu. Lawa makhemikhali agezwa eMar Menor. Yini engenziwa ukugwema ukuhudulela echibini?
Amakhemikhali avinjelwe yi-European Union
Amakhemikhali alahlwa kwezolimo yimithi yokubulala izinambuzane, imithi yokubulala ukhula, umanyolo ophilayo noma izithasiselo zezindiza. Wonke la makhemikhali anobuthi obukhulu empilweni yomuntu futhi zivinjelwe yi-European Union. Kulokhu, ngenxa yemvula enamandla ebadonsele eMar Menor, baphoqeleke ukuthi bacele ukulawula emthonjeni wokusetshenziswa kwabo ukuze kugwenywe ukufika kwalezi zingcolisi eMar Menor.
Kwenziwe ucwaningo ngokutholakala nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo kanye nangesikhathi esithile kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindaweni ezingasolwandle ezikha phezulu zeMar Menor ngo-2009 nango-2010 nangomthelela wemvula enamandla. Zenziwe ngabaphenyi abavela ku I-Oceanographic Center yaseMurcia, uRuben Moreno-González noVíctor Manuel León. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo lushicilelwe ku Isayensi Yezemvelo Nocwaningo Lokungcola ngoJanuwari we-2017.
Lolu cwaningo lwenza imizamo emikhulu yokwazi umsuka walezi zinambuzane nokubikezela ukusakazeka kwazo ezimweni zemvula. Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa komsuka wezibulala-zinambuzane ofinyelela echibini, kuphethwa ngokuthi iningi lalezi zinambuzane lingena i-boulevard edumile yase-El Albujón, ngemuva kweziqephu zemvula enamandla.
Yimaphi amakhemikhali afakwa eMar Menor?
Ucwaningo lwenze ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwawo wonke la makhemikhali asetshenziswa kwezolimo, kodwa lokho kugcina eMar Menor ngenxa yokudonswa yimvula. Phakathi kwezinto ezihlaziyiwe, amazinga aphezulu we terbutylazine, chlorpyrifos kanye ne-tributylphosphate.
I-Terbutylazine iyi-herbicide yokulawula ukhula, kufakwa ohlwini lwabamnyama yi-ISTAS Izinto ezinomonakalo omkhulu empilweni nasemvelweni, ngokuba yi-carcinogenic, enobuthi wokukhiqiza, ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, ukukhuthaza, i-neurotoxic ne-bioaccumulative. Ekuhlaziyweni, i-terbutylazine itholwe yeqa izinga lekhwalithi yemvelo ye-chlorpyrifos. Lesi yisibulala-zinambuzane se-organophosphate esisetshenziswa kwezolimo esinobuthi kakhulu ezimpilweni zabantu nasezilwaneni eziphila emanzini, futhi kufakwe ohlwini lwabamnyama be-ISTAS, ngaphezu kokuvinjelwa yi-biocide yi-EU.
Le herbicide ithathwa yiziqephu zemvula futhi ifinyelela eMar Menor ngomsele wamanzi waseSalinas de San Pedro, ngemilomo yeRamblas yase-El Albujón, iMiranda neLa Maraña kanye nolwandle lwaseLa Hita.
Elinye ikhemikhali elitholakele elifinyelela eMar Menor ngu i-tributyl phosphate. Kuyisengezo esisetshenziswe ezinjinini zezindiza futhi sisetshenziswa njengesixazululo kuphela. Akuvunyelwe yi-ISTAS ngokuba ne-neurotoxic. Kungaphansi kokuhlolwa kwezingozi zezempilo. Ingena eMar Menor ukuze isetshenziswe ezimbonini, ezindizeni noma emisebenzini yezempi.
Sizivikela kanjani lezi zingcolisi ekufinyeleleni eMar Menor?
Ukuze uvikele ukungcolisa ekufinyeleleni eMar Menor, kufanele ilawulwe kusuka emthonjeni wayo. Ukugxila kwalezi zinto futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umphumela ohlanganisiwe onazo phakathi kwazo kufanele ulawulwe. Lokho wukuthi, isamba salawa makhemikhali singcolisa kakhulu ndawonye kunokunye ngakunye ngokwehlukana. Lokhu yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukusebenzisana.
Okufakiwe okuvelele kakhulu kwalokhu kungcolisa echibini yilezi ukuqhuma komphezulu okuvela eziqeshini zemvula, ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngokuhlungwa nangokufakwa komkhathi.
Ukubhubhisa lolu songo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorpyrifos ne-terbutylazine kanye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane emhlangeni weMar Menor naseCampo de Cartagena kumele kungavunyelwa ngohlaka lomthetho
Isihlungi esijikelezayo esiluhlaza kungathakazelisa ukugcina la manzi, okungenani ingxenye enkulu, nokwenza ngcono impilo yechibi.