Amafu abelokhu eyinto yocwaningo lomuntu. Impela sisebancane sazibuza amafu enziwe ngani. Selokhu kwathi nhlo bekubonakala sengathi amafu kakotini abukeka engathi shu. Nokho, lokhu akunjalo neze.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi amafu enziwe ngani, izici nokuthi akhiwa kanjani.
Amafu enziwe ngani
Ngamagama alula, kungashiwo ukuthi ifu inqwaba yamaconsi amanzi, amakristalu eqhwa, noma kokubili, imisiwe emkhathini futhi yakhiwe ngenxa yokufiphala komhwamuko wamanzi emkhathini. Amafu eza ngezinhlobo eziningi futhi angahlukaniswa ngokuma kwawo nobude.
Ukwakheka kwamafu kudinga izingxenye ezintathu: umhwamuko wamanzi osemkhathini, izinhlayiya eziwuvumela ukuba ujiye, namazinga okushisa aphansi. Umkhathi wakhiwe ngamagesi ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nomhwamuko ovela ekuhwamukeni kwamanzi, i-plant transpiration kanye ne-glacial sublimation. Kodwa lo mhwamuko omisiwe awukwazi ukwakha amafu ngokwawo. Ukuze umhwamuko uhlangane, udinga "i-condensation nucleus" noma "i-aerosol", emane ihambisane nezinhlayiyana ezinezakhiwo ze-hygroscopic (ukuhlangana okuphezulu kwamanzi), okuvumela ukuqoqwa kwama-molecule womhwamuko wamanzi kanye nokufingqa kwawo okulandelayo.
Lezi nuclei ezingaba khona zigcwele emkhathini futhi zihlanganisa uthuli, impova, izinhlamvu zikasawoti olwandle namagagasi aphukayo, kanye nomlotha wokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo noma imililo. Uma lezi zithako ezimbili sezitholakele, izinyathelo ezengeziwe ziyadingeka ukuze kube ifu. Umhwamuko wamanzi kanye nama-condensation nuclei kufanele ahlangabezane namazinga okushisa aphansi ukuze afinyelele iphuzu lamazolo, noma izinga lokushisa lapho ama-molecule womusi wamanzi azoshintsha abe amaconsi amanzi awuketshezi.
Enye indlela yokupholisa insalela yomoya iwukuphoqelela ukuba ikhuphuke nge-convection. I-Convection kwenzeka lapho ilanga lishisisa indawo yoMhlaba bese lidlulisela okunye kwalokho kushisa emoyeni oseduze. Lesi sandi somoya oshisayo sizoba minyene kakhulu kunomoya owuzungezile, ngakho-ke uzokhuphuka kalula ngenxa yokunyakaza, okuhambisana namandla akhuphukayo akhishwa uketshezi oluncane oluminyene.
Ukuziqeqesha
Inqwaba yomoya ehamba ngokuvundlile (njengangaphambili ebandayo) ingaphoqeleka ukuthi ishise lapho ihlangana nesiqongo sentaba endleleni noma ihlangana nomunye, umoya opholile. Kuzo zombili izimo, umoya ovundlile onyakazayo uzophoqeleka ukuthi ukhuphuke futhi ufinyelele ngokushesha endaweni yamazolo, ekhiqiza amafu futhi, uma izimo zilungile, imvula.
Lapho isisindo somoya sikhuphuka futhi siphola sifinyelele endaweni yamazolo, umhwamuko wamanzi uqala ukuminyana ku-nucleus yokujiya, udale izinhlayiya zokuqala zamanzi eziwuketshezi. Ngemva kokufinyelela ubukhulu obuthile, lezi zinhlayiya zamanzi zokuqala ziqala ukungqubuzana futhi zinamathele ndawonye enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-coalescence. Ngokuya ngokwakheka kwawo, amafu angahlukaniswa njengamakhaza (amafu aphezulu akhiwe amakristalu eqhwa), afudumele (amafu aphansi akhiwe ngamanzi) noma axutshwe (amafu aphakathi nendawo akhiwe amakristalu eqhwa namanzi). Nakuba izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-0°C, ifu lingase libe namanzi awuketshezi. La manzi abizwa ngokuthi "amanzi apholile" futhi angatholakala, isibonelo, emafwini aphakathi nendawo akhiwe amaconsi amanzi neqhwa, ngokuvamile akhe phakathi kuka-35° no-10°C.
Ukwakha amakristalu eqhwa, i-ice core (ice core) iyadingeka. Ukuze uthole umbono wobukhulu esixoxilene nabo, ithonsi ngalinye lilinganiselwa ku-0,001 microns ngosayizi (i-micron engu-1 iyisigidi esisodwa semitha). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze kwakheke ithonsi lemvula elingadlula ku-updraft futhi lifinyelele phezulu, kufanele lilinganise okungenani imilimitha engu-1, ngakho-ke i-nucleus ye-condensation kufanele iqoqe cishe amathonsi ayisigidi.
Kungani amafu entanta?
Amafu angakwazi ukwelula amakhilomitha aqonde futhi avundlile, anesisindo samathani, futhi aqhubeke "ehamba" emoyeni. Sike saphawula ezigabeni ezedlule ukuthi ngenxa yokunyakaza, umoya ofudumele ukhuphuka emkhathini, oqhutshwa intaba epholile noma enye insimu yomoya. Isibonelo esihle sokubonisa ukukhanya okuhlobene kwamafu ukuqhathanisa isisindo sawo esiphelele nesisindo somoya akuwo.
Thatha njengesibonelo i-cloudlet evamile enobude obungamamitha angu-3000 kanye nekhilomitha eyi-cubic khilomitha, okuqukethwe kwayo kwamanzi okuwuketshezi kungu-1 g/cubic meter. Isamba sezinhlayiya zamafu silinganiselwa ku-1 million kilograms, cishe esilingana nesisindo sezimoto ezingu-500. Kodwa ingqikithi yomoya ozungezile ku-cubic kilometer efanayo ingaba amakhilogremu ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane, obunzima obuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1000 XNUMX kunoketshezi! Ngakho nakuba amafu avamile equkethe amanzi amaningi, ngenxa yokuthi isisindo sawo sincane kunomoya ozungezile, abonakala entanta esibhakabhakeni, enyakaza ngendlela efanayo lapho umoya uhamba.
Izinhlobo zamafu
Uma sesazi ukuthi amafu enziwe ngani, kumelwe sazi ukuthi anjani. Amafu angabonwa ngeso lenyama futhi ahlukaniswa ngokohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe olwadalwa ngo-1803 ngusokhemisi waseBrithani kanye nesazi sesimo sezulu esiyimfundamakhwela uLuke Howard, owahlukanisa amafu abe yizigaba ezine eziyinhloko noma amafomu:
- i-cirriformis, amafu e-cirrus, aphakanyisiwe, amapulangwe amise okwe-beam enziwe ngamakristalu eqhwa;
- I-Stratform, ama-stratus, izingqimba zamafu ezinde ezivame ukuletha imvula engapheli;
- i-nimbiformes, ama-nimbuses, amafu akwazi ukwenza imvula;
- ama-cumuliforms, i-cumulus, amafu akhukhumele asekelwe esicaba awela isibhakabhaka sasehlobo.
Amasistimu amanje okuhlukanisa amafu ahlanganisa inhlanganisela eminingi nokuhlukaniswa kwalezi zigaba ezine eziyisisekelo. Uma isazi sesimo sezulu sikhuluma ngemvula, isho imvula, iqhwa, nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamanzi aluketshezi noma aqinile azinzayo noma awe esibhakabhakeni. Imvula ikalwa ngamageji emvula. Igeji yemvula elula iyisitsha esinezinhlangothi eziqondile esinesikali noma irula ukukala ukujula kwamanzi awela kuso. Iningi lalawa madivaysi agxilisa imvula ibe yishubhu elincane ukuze kulinganiswe ngokunembe kakhudlwana amanani amancane emvula. Njengezinye izinsimbi zesimo sezulu, igeji yemvula ingenziwa ukuze irekhode izilinganiso zayo ngokuqhubekayo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi amafu enziwe ngani nokuthi akhiwa kanjani.