Ama-biofuels we-Cellulosic

Ama-biofuels we-Cellulosic

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-biofuels aqhamuka ezintweni ezibonakalayo ezingavuselelwa. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho ama-cellulosic biofuels. Lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli luvela ezinsaleleni ezikhula ngokushesha ezolimo, izinkuni notshani okungaguqulwa kube ngama-biofuel ahlukahlukene kubandakanya namafutha e-jet.

Kulesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi ziyini i-cellulosic biofuels nokuthi yiziphi izici abanazo.

Yini ama-biofuels e-cellulosic

Iselula

Emphakathini wanamuhla kufanele kucace ukuthi kufanele siphume emkhakheni kawoyela. Ukuncika kula mafutha wezinsalela kudala ubungozi obungabekezeleleki ekuphepheni kukazwelonke, komnotho noma kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, imodeli yezomnotho yamanje ayiyekisi ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto izinto zokubasa. Ukuze uthole imithombo emisha yamandla avuselelekayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kutholakale i-ejenti entsha ekwazi ukuhambisa izimoto zomhlaba wonke, ngoba lokhu kungumthombo oyinhloko wokukhishwa kwegesi yokushisa emkhathini.

Ungakwazi ukukhipha ama-biofuels kusuka kunoma yini noma engakaze ibe yimifino. Lezo zesizukulwane sokuqala zivela ku-biomass odliwayo, ikakhulukazi ummbila kanye nobhontshisi, umoba namabhontshisi, phakathi kwabanye. Ziyizithelo eziseduze kakhulu ehlathini lama-biofuels angaba khona kusukela inqubo edingekayo edingekayo ukuze ikhiqizwe ibaluleke kakhulu.

Kumele kushiwo lokho lawa ma-biofuel ayisona isisombululo esiqinile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umhlaba okhona olimekayo uyadingeka futhi kungakhiqizwa kuphela ama-biofuel ukumboza u-10% wazo zonke izidingo zikaphethiloli wamanzi emazweni athuthukile kakhulu. Ngokufuna izitshalo ezinkudlwana, ukudla kwemfuyo kubiza kakhulu futhi kube ngamanani entengo yokudla okuthile, noma kungenjalo kangako noma njengoba abezindaba bebengakholelwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Lapho ukukhishwa okuphelele okuqukethwe kwisizukulwane sokuqala se-biofuels sekubaliwe, akusizi ngalutho imvelo ngendlela ebesingathanda ukuba yiyo.

Ibhalansi yokukhishwa kwegesi lokushisa

Umoba

Lokhu kubuyela emuva kubhalansi lamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini phakathi kokumuncwa nokukhiqizwa kungancishiswa ngokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuels esizukulwane sesibili atholakala ezintweni ze-cellulosic. Lezi zinto ze-cellulosic yilezi: izinsalela zezinkuni ezifana nothanda kanye nezinsalela zokwakha, ezolimo ezinjengeziqu zommbila nezithelo zikakolweni. Siphinde sithole izitshalo zamandla, okungukuthi, izitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha futhi ezinempahla kugesi noma ezihlwanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuels.

Inzuzo enkulu lezi zithelo zamandla ezikhona ukuthi zibiza ezimbalwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwazo. Kuningi kuphela futhi akuphazamisi ukukhiqizwa kokudla, okubaluleke kakhulu ukubhekwa. Izitshalo eziningi zamandla zingatshalwa emhlabathini oseceleni ongasetshenziselwa ukulima. Ezinye zalezi zitshalo zeminyezane ezivuselelekayo ezimfishane zingangcolisa umhlabathi njengoba zikhula.

Ukukhiqizwa kwama-cellulosic biofuels

Izinto ze-biofuel

Inani elikhulu le-biomass lingavunwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe uphethiloli. Kunezifundo ezithile eziqinisekisa ukuthi, okungenani, e-United States, okungenani amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.200 we-biomass eyomile ye-cellulosic angakhiqizwa ngonyaka ngaphandle kwalokhu kunciphisa i-biomass etholakala ukusetshenziswa kwabantu, imfuyo kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngalokhu kungatholakala amalitha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-400.000 ama-biofuels ngonyaka. Leli nani lilingana nengxenye yokusetshenziswa kwamanje kukaphethiloli nodizili e-United States.

Le biomass ekhiqizwayo ingaguqulelwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-biofuel: i-ethanol, uphethiloli ojwayelekile, udizili kanye nophethiloli wejet. Kulula kakhulu ukubilisa izinhlamvu zommbila kunokubola iziqu ze-cellulose ezinikelwe, kepha muva nje inqubekelaphambili enkulu seyenziwe. Onjiniyela bamakhemikhali banezinhlobo zamakhompiyutha ezinamandla zamakhemikhali ezinamandla wokwakha izakhiwo ezikwazi ukulawula ukusabela ezingeni le-athomu. Lolu phenyo kuhloswe ngalo ukuthi lunwebise ngokushesha amasu okuguqula enkambeni yokuhluza. Isikhathi sikaphethiloli we-cellulosic manje sesingasibamba.

Ngemuva kwakho konke, inhloso yemvelo yeselulosi ukwakha ukwakheka kwesitshalo. Lesi sakhiwo sinama-scaffolds aqinile ama-molecule akhiyiwe asekela ukukhula okuqondile okumelana ngokuqinile nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze ukhiphe amandla aqukethe i-cellulose ukuze untangle ifindo lamangqamuzana elenziwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza amandla ngokusebenzisa i-biomass ye-cellulosic

Le nqubo iqala ngokuhlukanisa ama-biomass aqinile abe ama-molecule amancane. Lezi zinhlayiya zihlanjululwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze zibe namafutha. Izindlela zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngamazinga okushisa. Sinezindlela ezilandelayo:

  • Indlela yokushisa ephansi: Le ndlela isebenza ngamazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-50 no-200 degrees futhi ikhiqiza ushukela okwazi ukubila ku-ethanol nakwamanye amafutha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo nokwelashwa kwamanje okusetshenziselwa izitshalo zommbila nomoba.
  • Indlela yokushisa ephezulu: Le ndlela isebenza emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-300 no-600 degrees kanti kutholakala ne-bio-oyela engahluzwa ukukhiqiza uphethiloli noma udizili.
  • Indlela yokushisa ephezulu kakhulu: Le ndlela isebenza emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-700 degrees. Kulokhu kusebenza kwenziwa igesi elingaguqulwa libe uphethiloli ongamanzi.

Okwamanje, akwaziwa ukuthi iyiphi indlela ezoguqula inani eliphakeme lamandla agciniwe kusuka kuphethiloli oketshezi ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Izindlela ezahlukahlukene kungadingeka ukuthi zilandelwe okwehlukile kwe-cellulosic biomass materials. Ukwelashwa ukuze amazinga okushisa aphezulu angahle alungele izinkuni, kanti amazinga okushisa aphansi azosebenza kangcono otshanini. Konke kuncike enanini lezinto okufanele zincishiswe ukuze kukhiqizwe i-biofuel.

Ngokufingqa, i-cellulose yakhiwe nge-carbon, oxygen ne-hydrogen athomu. Uphethiloli, ngokwengxenye yawo, wenziwe ngekhabhoni ne-hydrogen. Ukuguqulwa kwe-cellulose kube yi-biofuels kuqukethe ukuqeda umoya-mpilo ovela kuselulose ukuthola ama-molecule wamandla aphezulu aqukethe kuphela i-carbon ne-hydrogen.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nama-cellulosic biofuels.


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Shiya umbono wakho

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  1. Ubhekele imininingwane: Miguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.