Inguquko ehlanzekile ishanela umhlaba. Hhayi konke. Amandla amakhulu amukele ubuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo bokukhiqiza ugesi oqhutshwa izindleko ezehlayo. Phakathi kuka-2013 no-2015, amandla omoya afakiwe akhule ngaphezu kwama-20% eYurophu, ama-36% e-Asia nama-24% eNyakatho Melika. ISpain yona ibheke ngakolunye uhlangothi; Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo, lakhula ngo-0,07% lapha, okulingana nokufaka kuphela imishini yomoya eyisikhombisa kuphela eminyakeni emibili. Phakathi kuka-2013 no-2015, amandla elanga we-photovoltaic akhuphuke ngaphezu kuka-15% eYurophu, ama-58% e-Asia kanye nama-52% eNyakatho Melika. Lapha ngesikhathi esifanayo i-solar exhunywe kugridi kagesi ikhule lapha kuphela ngo-0,3%.
Kungani iSpain ibisenkabeni yokuma okuvuselelekayo iminyaka emihlanu uma kwakungumholi womhlaba eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule? Izwe lihlushwa ukumuncwa okukhulu, inhlanganisela yezithako eziningana: indawo enkulu evuselelekayo esikhathini lapho ubuchwepheshe bungavuthiwe futhi budinga usizo olukhulu lomphakathi, inkinga eyanciphisa kakhulu isidingo sikagesi; kanye nohlelo oluqeqeshwe ngokweqile - kunamandla amaningi afakiwe kunaleyo efunwayo - ngokususelwa ezitshalweni ezibizayo zezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokufakwa. Eminyakeni emihlanu ngemuva kokumiswa kokunqunywa nguHulumeni we-PP, kuphothulwa indali enkulu yamamegawathi angama-2.000 XNUMX ukufaka okuvuselelekayo. ISpain, idudulwa ukuzibophezela kwaseYurophu okufanele ikufeze, izama ukuphuma emgodini engene kuwo.
UFernando Monera uneminyaka engama-70 ngenyanga ezayo. Futhi kuthatha okungaphezulu kwe- Iminyaka engama-40 emhlabeni wokuvuselelwa kabusha. Uke wahlanganyela futhi wabamba iqhaza ekuqaleni, ekuvukeni nasekuweni komkhakha eSpain.
Ukuqala kokuvuselelwa kabusha
UMonera wafika eBarajas ngo-1976 ephethe ipaneli yelanga ngaphansi kwengalo yakhe. "Ngilethe iphaneli yokuqala ye-photovoltaic ukungena eSpain." Yikhadi lakho lebhizinisi. Uyithenge embukisweni wezobuchwepheshe e-US. Kusukela lapho, iMonera ixhunyaniswe nalo mkhakha ngenkampani ye-photovoltaic ayisungula, i-Elecsol. Isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, kuze kube maphakathi namashumi ayisishiyagalombili, sUmsebenzi ugxile ekufakweni kwamapuleti ezindlini ezingazodwa, amashumi ezinkulungwane ezindlu ezisemaphandleni eSpain ezingaxhunywanga kugesi.
UHulumeni walwamukela uhlelo lokuqala olungavuselelwa ngo-1986. Ngaleso sikhathi, amandla kagesi ophehla amandla kagesi - akhiqiza amandla ngokusebenzisa amaxhaphozi bese ewela esigabeni esivuselelekayo - Ngangivele ngikhona eSpain. Futhi kube nokuhlangenwe nakho okuthile okucacile kokufakwa kwelanga nomoya okuxhunywe kugridi. "Kwakungamaphrojekthi nje ocwaningo," kukhumbula uMonera.
Kepha kuze kwaba maphakathi nawo-1994 lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwangempela kwalobu buchwepheshe obubili kwenzeke khona. "I-Gamesa yafaka ipulazi layo lokuqala lomoya ngo-XNUMX," kukhumbula uJuan Diego Díaz, umqondisi wezokukhangisa kanye nomongameli weSpanish Wind Power Association. "Sibe nentuthuko enamandla kakhulu ngamapulazi okuqala omoya ngo-1998 nango-1999”Wengeza uJosé Miguel Villarig, umongameli we-Association of Renewable Energy Companies (APPA).
Ukuqhuma komkhakha
“Septhemba 11, 2001. Angikwazi ukukhohlwa usuku. Ngalelo langa ngathengisela inkampani yami inkampani yaseMelika ”. "Ngonyaka ka-2001, bangu-300 abantu ababesebenza kule nkampani," uyakhumbula. Ngo-2001 iGamesa nayo yaphumela obala yaqala isu layo lamazwe omhlaba. Uhlelo oluvuselelekayo luka-2000-2010 lwalusivele lusebenza. "Ngo-2004, kwase kufakwe amamegawathi angaba ngu-8.000 XNUMX wamandla omoya eSpain," kusho uVillarig, we-APPA. Lokho kulingana nengxenye yesithathu yamandla amanje alobu buchwepheshe obuhlanzekile eSpain. Endabeni yamandla omoya, ukukhula kwayo bekubushelelezi futhi kuhleleke ngokwengeziwe.
Izinxushunxushu zalandelwa yilanga. "Kube intuthuko engazelelwe," kuvuma uVillarig. "Senze okuthile okungabambeki," kunezela u-Alberto Amores, Gada umlingani weDeloitte onguchwepheshe kwezamandla. "Kwakuyiphutha lokulawula," kusho uJosé Donoso, umqondisi weSpanish Photovoltaic Union (Unef).
Zonke zibhekisa kulokho okwenzeka ngo-2008 ngama-photovoltaics futhi boom kwamapulazi abizwa ngelanga. UHulumeni wePSOE, uvule isandla ekufakweni kwezitshalo. Futhi inani lamapulazi, okwakungamaphrimiyamu, lenyuka kakhulu. Ngo-2007, ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-Red Eléctrica de España, Kwase kufakwe ama-megawatts angama-637 ama-photovoltaics. Ngemva konyaka, baba ngu-3.355 XNUMX; Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, amandla futhi, ngakho-ke, amaprimiyamu, abedingeka konjiniyela ukuthi bakwazi ukuhlangabezana notshalo-mali, andiswe ngamahlanu.
"Amaphrimiyamu ayedlulele," kusho uJosé María Baldasano, uprofesa we-Environmental Engineering ePolytechnic University of Catalonia. Kepha inkinga eyisisekelo, ingeza lochwepheshe, ukuthi iSpain ayikaze ibe "nokuhlela kwangempela" kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000 ukwenza ikharbonisi emkhakheni wayo kagesi.
Ukuphahlazeka komkhakha
UMonera wayesethathe umhlalaphansi ngo-2006 futhi, yize wayenabo oxhumana nabo nomkhakha, washiywa ngaphandle esivunguvungwini esashaya izinto ezingavuseleleka kusukela ngo-2008. Inkinga yaqeda ukufunwa kukagesi, okusaqhubeka namanje emazingeni afana naka-2004, kukhumbula uVillarig. Lokhu kuqhubeke kwagcizelela inkinga yokweqisa kohlelo logesi., lapho okuvuselelwa kabusha kwakungeyona kuphela into ebhekene nayo. Kusukela ngawo-XNUMX, u-Amores uyakhumbula, iSpain yaqala ukwakha izitshalo zomjikelezo ezihlangene, "futhi kulindeleke ukuthi isidingo sizokhula." Lezi yizitshalo ezisebenzisa igesi ukukhiqiza ugesi, okuthi, yize zingcolisa kancane kunezikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamalahle, baphinde baxoshe i-CO2. "Imijikelezo manje isebenza ku-10% noma ku-12%," kuvuma u-Antoni Peris, umongameli weSedigas.
Isitshalo sokuhlanganiswa komjikelezo esihlanganisiwe
Lezo zitshalo ezakhiwe futhi ezingasetshenziswanga futhi amaprimiyamu abambe iqhaza ekusweleni kwamanani, manje esizungeze izigidi ezingama-23.000. Lokhu kusilela - umehluko phakathi kwalabo abakhiqizi bakagesi nabasabalalisi abawutholayo ngamanani entengo namalungelo okuqoqa abawamukelwe yimithetho elandelanayo evunyelwe iminyaka eyi-17 - bekungelona iphutha lokuvuselelwa kuphela. Kepha uHulumeni we-PP wasebenzisa impikiswano yesidingo sokuyehlisa ukunquma ukumiswa kokuvuseleleka ngo-2012 kanye nokunqanyulwa kwezikhuthazo.
Ngonyaka odlule, iSocialist Executive yafaka ukusikeka kokuqala kwe-premium, obekulokhu kwenzeka. "Izitshalo ze-Photovoltaic zilahlekelwe yimali engenayo ephakathi kuka-15% no-55%”, UDonoso uyabala.
Abanikazi bamapulazi abaningi bagcina sebebanikela emabhange, okuyibona abebanike imali. Futhi ukuncishiswa kwama-premium kwenza iSpain yaba ngelinye lamazwe emhlabeni anezimfuno eziningi ngaphambi kwe-ICSID, umgwamanda wokulamula iBhange Lomhlaba ophethe ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamazwe nabatshalizimali bamazwe omhlaba. Manje seyiyi-27 ethunyelwe, yize kungekho okuxazululiwe okwamanje.
Emkhakheni womoya ukumiswa akubanga namandla kangako, yize izinkampani ziphoqelekile ukuthi zibheke phesheya. Isibonelo, ama-50% womkhiqizo we-turbine womoya we-Gamesa ngonyaka we-2008 wawenzelwe imakethe yasekhaya. "Namuhla u-100% uthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe," kusho uDíaz. Vele, ukulahleka kwemisebenzi kwakukukhulu. Umkhakha womoya waqasha abantu abangama-2008 40.000 ngo-22.000. Namuhla zingama-XNUMX.
Ikusasa
"Ngangibhorekile ngabuya." Ukuthatha umhlalaphansi kukaMonera akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Ekuqaleni kwalesi shumi leminyaka wasungula enye inkampani ye-photovoltaic. "Kodwa ubengasenawo amapaki elanga emqondweni." Manje seyinikezelwe ukuzisebenzisela ukusetshenziswa, kumapuleti izakhamizi ezingazifaka emakhaya noma izinkampani ukuze zibakhiqizele ugesi futhi bazilahle ku-grid bese bekhokhisa. Kodwa umkhakha we-photovoltaic ubulokhu uphikisana noHulumeni we-PP iminyaka emihlanu ngale ndaba; Bamsola ngokubeka izithiyo, ezifana nentela elangeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHulumeni uthathe iminyaka emihlanu ukwamukela umthetho olawula ukuzisebenzisa.
Emkhakheni womoya, iso lisendalini. Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, kulindeleke ukuthi kubanjelwe eyodwa ukufaka ama-megawatts amasha angama-2.000 3.000 avuselelekayo — angafika ku-XNUMX—. "Kubandakanya ukuqala kabusha indlela yokufaka okuvuselelekayo," kusho uDaniel Navia, uNobhala Wezwe Wezamandla, okhumbula isidingo sokuhlangabezana nezinhloso zaseYurophu. "Ubuchwepheshe bukhule kakhulu," kusho uNavia: "Manje izindleko eziphansi ziyamangaza." Kangangokuthi indali yokugcina eyabanjwa ngonyaka owedlule -ngamamegawathi ama-500 wamandla omoya - yathathwa yinkampani isiphakamiso sayo kwakungukukhokhisa kuphela lokho okuphawulwa yimakethe enkulu, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwama-premium. "Izindleko zokukhiqiza eminyakeni eyishumi edlule zehle ngo-60% emkhakheni womoya." Okufanayo kwenzeke nge-photovoltaics.
40% kagesi okhiqiziwe manje eSpain livela emithonjeni ehlanzekile, sibonga kakhulu ugesi ophehlwa ugesi namandla omoya kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Kepha izwe, njenge-EU yonke, kumele lenyuse isabelo salo samandla ahlanzekile. Ngo-2050 — sonke isikhathi esifushane, uma umuntu ebheka ukuthi ukutshalwa kwemali kulo mkhakha kuhlelwe iminyaka engama-20/25 - konke ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kuzofanele idonswe ngentambo ukuze ihambisane neSivumelwano SaseParis sokulwa nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngamanye amagama, maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka, ngeke kusakwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ngemithombo ekhipha i-CO.2. Futhi indlela, wonke umuntu uyavuma, iyavuseleleka.
