Ukulamula kwamazwe ngamazwe kwe ukusikeka emandleni avuselelekayo eSpain idale izingxabano eziningi zomthetho nezomnotho phakathi neminyaka edlule. Isigwebo esikhishwe ngabakwa Inkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokuxazulula Izingxabano Zebhange Lomhlaba (i-ICSID) engxabanweni phakathi kweSpain kanye nesikhwama se-ABN Amro (Eiser) kwaba ngeyokuqala futhi yabeka izandulela ezibalulekile emlandweni walezi zinsolo.
Isinqumo sasinamandla: ISpain yayinayo wephule i-athikili ye-10 ye-Energy Charter ngokushintsha kakhulu uhlaka lokulawula olunikeze ekuqaleni izikhuthazo kumandla avuselelekayo, okudale umonakalo omkhulu kubatshalizimali. Ngenxa yalokhu, inkantolo iyalele iSpain ukuthi ikhokhe ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-128, nakuba isibalo sasingaphansi kakhulu kunesingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300 esasifunwa abamangali ekuqaleni.
Umongo wezingxabano kanye nokusikeka emandleni avuselelekayo
Ukungqubuzana okuhlobene nalokhu kulamula kuqale emuva ezinqumweni zikahulumeni waseSpain we ukunciphisa amaphrimiyamu amandla avuselelekayo, inqubomgomo ebikade iyisisekelo ekuheheni ukutshalwa kwezimali kulo mkhakha eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yawo-2000 Izinkampani ezifana ne-Eiser zenze utshalomali olubalulekile ezitshalweni ezishisayo zelanga, zithembela ohlakeni lokulawula oluvumayo oluqaliswe ngaphansi kwe-Royal Decree 661/2007.
Kodwa-ke, ngo-2010, nohulumeni we-PSOE, kwathi ngo-2013 nohulumeni we-PP, kwenziwa izinguquko ezibalulekile ezanciphisa kakhulu usizo lwamandla aluhlaza, okwenza abatshalizimali abaningi bamazwe ngamazwe bakhethe ukumangalela iSpain. Lezi zinguquko zabonwa ngabatshalizimali njengokwephulwa kwalokho ababekulindele ngokusemthethweni kwenzuzo, ikakhulukazi njengoba zazisekelwe ekubalweni okwakulindele izibalo zenzuzo ephakeme kakhulu.
Uhulumeni wase-Spain, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uye wavikela izikhathi eziningi ukuthi ubukhosi boMbuso buwunikeza ilungelo lokushintsha imithethonqubo lapho kudingekile, futhi uye waphikisa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kuka-2013 kwakubalulekile ukuze kulungiswe ukushoda kwentela okungalawuleki. Naphezu kwezingxabano, izinkantolo ziye zaqinisekisa kaningi ukuthi umthetho ozimele awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngendlela ebangela ukulimala okungenakulinganiswa kubatshalizimali.
Ubukhulu bezixazululi eziqhubekayo
Lokhu kulamula bekuyisiqalo nje sochungechunge lwamacala. Njengamanje, ngokusho kwe-ICSID neminye imithombo yamazwe ngamazwe, iSpain ibhekene nokungaphezu kwalokho 52 zokulamula ezinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe okuhlobene nokuncishiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, okwenza izwe libe ngelilinye elifunwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kanye ne-Argentina, iRussia neVenezuela. Isamba esiphelele samacala afakwe idlula i-10.000 million euros.
Kuze kube manje, izinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zavuna abatshalizimali emacaleni angama-25 kwangu-34 axazululiwe, nakuba kwezinye izimo iSpain iye yathola ukuchitha imiklomelo, njengoba kwenzeka ngomklomelo ka-Eiser obiza ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-128, owachithwa yi-ICSID ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo.
Esinye isibonelo sakamuva sihlanganisa icala le-EBL, inkampani yaseSwitzerland eyamangalela iSpain ngokunxeshezelwa kwezigidi ezingu-175 zama-euro ngenxa yezinguquko zika-2013, i-ICSID yakhipha isinqumo esivuna iSpain, iphikisana ngokuthi izimangalo azivumelekile futhi ziphoqa abamangali ukuba bafake isicelo. khokhela izindleko zezomthetho zaseSpain.
Ikusasa lama-arbitration
Naphezu kokunqoba kwezomthetho, iSpain isaqhubeka nokubhekana nenani elikhulu lemiklomelo evelele. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku-Ministry for the Ecological Transition, ezixazululweni ezingama-52 ezethulwe, Izindondo ezingama-34 sezikhishiwe; Kulawa, amathathu ahoxisiwe, ayisikhombisa anqotshwe yiSpain kwathi ku-25 abatshalizimali bafakazelwa ukuthi balungile. Abasebenzi bezomthetho boMbuso bakwazile ukwehlisa kakhulu isinxephezelo esifunwa sifike ku-84% walokho okwakucelwe ekuqaleni.
Isici esibalulekile kulezi zingxabano kube yi Isivumelwano Somqulu Wamandla (I-TCE), isivumelwano sezizwe eziningi okuhloswe ngaso ukuvikela ukutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni wezamandla, lapho iningi labafake izicelo liyamukele. Kodwa-ke, ukufaneleka kokulamula okusekelwe ku-ECT kuye kwabuzwa ngemva kokuthi Inkantolo Yezobulungiswa Ye-European Union imemezele ukuthi lezi zivumelwano azihambisani nomthetho Womphakathi ezimeni zezingxabano zangaphakathi kwe-EU. Leli qiniso livumele iSpain ukuthi ichithe imiklomelo ethile ekhishwe, ikakhulukazi ezinkantolo zaseSweden.
NgoDisemba 2023, iSpain yathatha isinyathelo esengeziwe ngokumemezela ukuhoxa kwayo ku-ECT, nakuba isivumelwano sibeka ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali okwenziwe ngaphambi kokuhoxiswa kwayo kuzovikelwa eminye iminyaka engu-20. Kuze kube manje, azikho izinxephezelo eziyinhloko okunqunyiwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga ngokumelene nezwe kukhokhiwe, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi i-European Commission iyalele iSpain ukuthi ingakhokhi kuze kube yilapho kunqunywa ukuthi amaphrimiyamu ahlanganisa usizo lombuso olungekho emthethweni.
Elecnor kanye neqhaza layo ekutshalweni kwezimali
Umdlali obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda evuselelekayo eSpain kube Elecnor, iqembu lebhizinisi elibamba iqhaza kulawa macala. U-Elecnor ube nguzakwethu we-Eiser ekutshalweni kwezimali okuhlobene nezitshalo ezishisayo ezisebenzisa amandla elanga okugqugquzele icala lokuqala lika-Eiser ngaphambi kwe-ICSID. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 emkhakheni wezamandla nengqalasizinda, u-Elecnor uyaqhubeka nokuba ngomunye wabadlali abaphambili kumaphrojekthi wamandla avuselelekayo eSpain nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukuhlukahluka kwemisebenzi ka-Elecnor eminyakeni edlule kuye kwavumela inkampani ukuthi iqhubekele phambili, naphezu kwamacala kanye nokwehliswa kwamaholo eSpain. Ngokuba khona emazweni angaphezu kwama-50 kanye nokuqondiswa okuqinile kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha, u-Elecnor ukwazile ukuhlala engelinye lamaqembu anethonya elikhulu emkhakheni wamandla omhlaba.
Ukulungiswa kabusha kwesimo samandla eSpain, okuqhutshwa izinguquko zomthetho kanye nezezimali kulo mkhakha, kanye nokumangalelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe okusaqhubeka, kunemithelela ebalulekile ngekusasa lezwe njengendawo yokutshalwa kwezimali kumandla ahlanzekile. Izingxabano ezihlobene nezinguquko zika-2010 kanye no-2013 cishe zizoqhubeka enkantolo iminyaka eminingana eyengeziwe, okungenzeka ukuthi abatshalizimali abasha bazonquma ukukhetha ukulamula uma bengasitholi isisombululo sezimangalo zabo ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuphatha noma zokwahlulela ezweni.