Kwilizwe leplastiki kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto zokwenziwa. Enye yazo yi-PET (Poly Ethylene Terephthalate). Iqela le-polyesters kwaye luhlobo lweplastikhi eluhlaza evela kwipetroleum. Abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni i-PET. Yafunyanwa zizazinzulu zase-Bhritane u-Whinfield no-Dickson, ngo-1941, ababenelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wayo njenge polima yokwenza imicu. Iluncedo kakhulu namhlanje.
Ke ngoko, siza kulinikela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-PET, zithini iimpawu zayo kunye nokuba yenzelwe ntoni.
Yintoni i-PET
Lo mbandela unempawu ezilandelayo, ezenze ukuba zibe yinto efanelekileyo kunye neyakhayo yokwakha:
- Inokulungiswa ngokuvuthela, inaliti, ukukhupha ngaphandle. Ifanele ukuvelisa iingqayi, iibhotile, iifilimu, iifoyile, iipleyiti kunye nezahlulo.
- Ukungabonakali kunye ne-gloss kunye nefuthe lokukhulisa.
- Iipropati zoomatshini ezigqwesileyo.
- Umqobo wegesi.
- I-Biorientable-crystallizable.
- Ukuzalisa ngegamma kunye ne-ethylene oxide.
- Iindleko / ukusebenza.
- Inqanaba # 1 ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona.
- Elula
Ukungancedi kunye neenzuzo
Njengazo zonke izixhobo, kukho nezinye izinto ezingalunganga ngaphezu kwePET. Ukomisa yenye yezona ngxaki zazo ziphambili. Yonke ipholiyesta kufuneka yomiswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukulahleka kwepropathi. Ukufuma kwepolymer xa kungena kwinkqubo kufuneka kubuninzi be-0.005%. Iindleko zezixhobo zikwangokungalunganga, njengoko kunjalo nobushushu. Izixhobo zokubumba ezijolise kwibhayoloji zibonisa ukubuyiselwa okuhle ngokusekwe kwimveliso yobuninzi. Xa ekubumbeni ngesibetho kunye nokuqengqeleka, izixhobo zePVC eziqhelekileyo zinokusetyenziswa, ezinokusebenziseka okuninzi ukuvelisa ubungakanani obahlukeneyo kunye neemilo.
Xa ubushushu budlula iidigri ezingama-70, ipholiyesta ayinako ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle. Uphuculo lwenziwe ngokuguqula izixhobo ukuvumela ukuzaliswa okushushu. I-crystalline (opaque) i-PET inokumelana nobushushu obulungileyo, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-230 ° C. Akucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe ngaphandle ngokusisigxina.
Ngoku siqhubeka nokuhlalutya ukuba zeziphi izibonelelo zayo: sinezinto ezizodwa, ukubakho kakuhle kunye nokurisayikilisha okukhulu. Phakathi kweepropathi zayo ezilungileyo sinokucaca, isilungiseleli segolide, ukucaca, ukuthintela iipropathi zegesi okanye iiroma, amandla eempembelelo, ubushushu obuphathekayo, Kulula ukuprinta nge-inki, ukuvumela ukupheka kwe-microwave.
Ixabiso lePET liye laguquguquka ngaphantsi kwezinye iipolymers ezinjengePVC-PP-LDPE-GPPS kule minyaka mi-5 idlulileyo. Namhlanje, i-PET iveliswa eMantla nakuMzantsi Merika, eYurophu, eAsia nase Mzantsi Afrika. I-PET inokuphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona ukuvelisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-RPET. Ngelishwa, ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu abandakanyekayo kwinkqubo, i-RPET ayinakusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ukupakishwa kushishino lokutya.
Zeziphi izinto ezisebenzisa i-PET
Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe nge-polyethylene terephthalate okanye i-PET. Oku kulandelayo zizinto ezithile kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngale Thermoplastic enokuphinda isetyenziswe:
- Izikhongozeli zeplastiki ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe zinokuphinda zisebenze. I-Thermoplastics isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yezikhongozeli okanye iziselo, ezinje ngeziselo ezibandayo kunye neebhotile zamanzi. Ngenxa yokuqina nokuqina kwayo, iye yaba yinto esetyenziselwa yonke imihla kwicandelo lezemveliso. Nangona ichaphazela nento yokuba inokuphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona, inyani yokuba iyanceda ukwenza ezinye iibhotile zeplastikhi kunye nezikhongozeli kuyalinganiswa.
- Impahla eyahlukeneyo. I-PET Luhlobo lweplastiki olusetyenziswa kwishishini lempahla eyolukiweyo yokwenza iimpahla ezahlukeneyo. Ngapha koko, yinto ebambekayo yelinen okanye ikotoni.
- Ifilimu okanye ifilimu yokufota. Le polymer yeplastiki ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza iifilimu ezahlukeneyo zokufota. Nangona kunjalo, kuluncedo kakhulu ekwenzeni iphepha elisisiseko lokuprinta i-X-ray.
- Umatshini wenziwe. Namhlanje, i-polyethylene terephthalate isetyenziselwa ukwenza oomatshini abahlukeneyo bokuthengisa kunye noomatshini be-arcade.
- Iiprojekthi zezibane. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza izibane zoyilo ezahlukeneyo. Ngapha koko, i-PET ibonakalise ukuba sesinye sezona zinto zinomtsalane kuyilo lokukhanyisa, nokuba kungaphandle okanye ngaphakathi.
- Ezinye izinto zentengiso. Umzekelo, iiposta okanye imiqondiso yonxibelelwano olubonakalayo. Kwangokunjalo, ihlala isetyenziswa njengezinto ezifanelekileyo ekudaleni iziboniso kwiivenkile nakwimiboniso eyahlukeneyo yorhwebo okanye iminyhadala.
- Ukubonakala elubala kunye nokuguquguquka: Ngenxa yezi mpawu zimbini, abathengi banokubona ngaphakathi kwento abayithengayo kwaye abavelisi banokubonisa amathuba amaninzi.
Ukupakishwa okuzinzileyo kwePET
Kukho izizathu ezimbalwa eziphambili zokuba ukupakishwa kwe-PET kuthathelwa ingqalelo njengolunge ngakumbi kwindalo. Nazi izizathu:
Ukusetyenziswa kancinci kwamandla kunye nezixhobo zokwenza kwayo
Kule minyaka idlulileyo, uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji linciphisile izixhobo ezifunekayo ukwenza ukupakishwa kwe-PET kananjalo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kuncitshisiwe. Ukongeza, ukubambeka kwayo kuthetha ukuba iindleko kunye nefuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo ziya kuncitshiswa ngexesha lothutho, kuba kuncinci okuphezulu.
Izifundo ezininzi zikwabonakalisile ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto, ukupakishwa kwe-PET kunciphisa ikhabhoni ngokuvelisa inkunkuma encinci kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwezixhobo zemveliso.
Ukurisayikilisha okungcono
Bakholelwa ngokubanzi zizikhongozeli PET kuphela ri izihlandlo ezimbalwa, inyaniso kukuba kuyinto material leyo inokuphinda irisayikilishwe phakade ukuba inkqubo esebenzayo recycling uphunyeziwe, kuxhomekeke injongo eziza kusetyenziswa.
Okwangoku, I-PET yeyona plastiki isetyenziswayo ukuphinda isetyenzisweNgapha koko, eSpain, i-44% yokupakisha kwintengiso isetyenziselwa usetyenziso lwesibini. Ipesenti kufuneka inyuswe ukuya kwi-55% ngo-2025 ukuthobela isicwangciso soqoqosho setyhula ekuvunyelwene ngaso yiKhomishini yaseYurophu.
Ukongeza ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona njengesixhobo sokutya, i-PET esele isetyenzisiwe ikwasetyenziswa kumzi mveliso welaphu, owezithuthi nowefenitshala. Ikwanokhuseleko lokusebenzisa izikhongozeli zePET eziphinda zenziwe zokutya nakwiziselo. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko loKutya yaseYurophu iqinisekisile ukuba yinto ekhuselekileyo, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuthengisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingasetyenziswanga ngokusekwe kwi-PET ehlaziyiweyo efumaneka emanzini nakwiziselo ezinxilisayo eSpain nguRoyal Decree 517/2013 egunyazisa oko Isikhongozeli sokugqibela kufuneka okungenani sibe ne-50% ye-PET eyintombi.
Ke ngoko, sinokugqiba ukuba izikhongozeli ze-PET zikhuselekile kwaye zizinzileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo, hayi ngenxa yamandla amakhulu okurisayikilisha, kodwa nangenxa yokusebenza kwawo ngamandla kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-PET kunye neempawu zayo.