Iinzululwazi zendalo zahlula-hlula i-ikhosistim eyohlukeneyo yesijikelezi-langa ibe ngamacandelo. Enye yazo yi-geosphere. Zibizwa ngokuba yisethi yamashumi eminyaka yesijikelezi-langa esenza inxalenye eqinileyo yayo. Apha sinokufumana yonke into enxulumene namatye kunye nokukhululeka. Abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni i-geosphere.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-geosphere, zeziphi iimpawu zayo, ukwakheka kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.
Yintoni i-geosphere
Kwinzululwazi yendalo, isethi yomaleko eyenza indawo eqinileyo yoMhlaba ibizwa ngokuba yi-geosphere. Kunye ne-hydrosphere (inxalenye yasemanzini), umoya (indawo yegesi) kunye ne-biosphere (zonke izidalwa eziphilayo), zenza iindawo zeplanethi yethu ezinokwahlulwa ngokuhlalutya.
Njengezinye iiplanethi ezisemhlabeni (ezinemiphezulu eyomeleleyo), uMhlaba wenziwe ngezinto ezinamatye eepropati ezahlukeneyo kwaye ubonisa iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo, uninzi lwazo olususela kumaxesha amandulo okwakheka komhlaba okanye zenziwa ngamaxesha aqatha omsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Uninzi lwamatye amadala aziwayo eMhlabeni ukususela kwi-4.400 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Iingcali zokwakheka komhlaba kunye nezinye iingcaphephe ziphonononga i-geosphere ngokuphonononga umhlaba, ngakumbi apho iimpawu zokuma komhlaba ziveze umphezulu oqhele ukufihlakala.
Kwakhona, uqwalaselo oluninzi luyithiyori okanye luthatyathwe kwizibalo: ubunzima kunye nomthamo woMhlaba awunakulinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ngezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinokubalwa, ezifana nomxhuzulane okanye i-echo yamaza e-seismic.
Isakhiwo kunye nokwakheka
Ubume be-geosphere bufundwa kwiimbono ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: ikhemikhali kunye ne-geological. Ngokuphathelele ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, i-geosphere iqulethe imigangatho emithathu: i-crust, i-mantle kunye nengundoqo.
- ICortex (ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-35 km ubunzulu). Ngumaleko wamatye angaphezulu esihlala kuwo, kwaye ubukhulu bawo obucekethekileyo bulindeleke ukuba bubenobunzima obuphakathi kwe-3,0 g/cm3. Oku kuquka ukudakumba kolwandle kunye nokunzulu. Ikakhulu iqulethwe ngamatye e-mafic (intsimbi kunye ne-magnesium silicates), amatye e-felsic (i-sodium silicate, i-potassium silicate kunye ne-aluminosilicates).
- Ingubo (ukusuka kwi-35 ukuya kwi-2.890 km ubunzulu). Ngowona maleko ngqindilili kwaye yenziwe ngamatye e-siliceous kunye nomxholo we-iron ophezulu kunalowo woqweqwe. Njengoko sisiya singena nzulu kwingubo, amaqondo obushushu kunye noxinzelelo luba lukhulu, lufikelela kwindawo eqinileyo ematyeni enza i-mantle, ekwaziyo ukuvumela iipleyiti zetectonic ukuba zihambe kwaye zibangele iinyikima kunye neenyikima. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo, inxalenye ephezulu yengubo ingaphantsi kwe-viscous kunye ne-fluid eninzi kunenxalenye ephantsi, ihluka ngobukhulu phakathi kwe-1021 kunye ne-1024 Pa.
- Core (ukusuka kwi-2.890 ukuya kwi-6.371 km ubunzulu). Inxalenye engaphakathi yoMhlaba, apho kufumaneka khona eyona nto ixineneyo (Umhlaba yeyona planethi ixineneyo kwisixokelelwano selanga). Undoqo woMhlaba wohlulwe kwakhona ube ziimaleko ezimbini: umbindi wangaphandle (2890 ukuya kwi-5150 yeekhilomitha ubunzulu) kunye nombindi wangaphakathi (5150 ukuya kwi-6371 yeekhilomitha ubunzulu), eziqulunqwe ikakhulu yintsimbi (80%) kunye nenickel, ngelixa izinto ezifana nelothe. kwaye i-uranium inqabile.
Endaweni yoko, ngokwembono yejoloji, i-geosphere yahlulwe ibe:
- KwiNdalo (ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-100 km ubunzulu). Le yindawo eqinileyo ye geosphere, apho amatye aqinileyo afumaneka khona, kwaye ahambelana nendawo ephezulu ye-crust kunye ne mantle. Ikwahlulahlulwe kuluhlu lwamacwecwe e-tectonic okanye e-lithospheric, emaphethelweni awo i-seismic, i-volcanic kunye ne-orogeny phenomena zenzeka.
- I-Asthenosphere (i-100 ukuya kuma-400 km ubunzulu). Yenziwe nge-semi-solid kwi-ductile izinto eziqinileyo, ezihambelana nengubo. Intshukumo ecothayo kakhulu eyenza i-continental drift iyenzeka apho, kodwa njengoko isondela kumbindi, ilahlekelwa ziipropati zayo kwaye ibe ngqongqo njengengubo esezantsi.
- Core (ukusuka kwi-2.890 ukuya kwi-6.371 km ubunzulu). Undoqo, okanye isangqa sangaphakathi, ekupheleni kwengubo esezantsi, yi-terrestrial geological part eyenza obona bunzima bukhulu boMhlaba (60% bebonke). Iradiyasi yayo inkulu kuneMars (malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-3.500), inoxinzelelo olukhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-6.700 ° C. Ihlanganiswe ikakhulu yintsimbi kunye ne-nickel, kwaye yahlulwe ibe ngumbindi wangaphandle olwelo kunye nombindi oqinileyo wangaphakathi.
Ukubaluleka kwe-geosphere
I-geosphere yeyona ndawo indala yeplanethi yethu kwaye zonke iimfihlo zayo zigcinwa phantsi kwesitshixo kunye nesitshixo. Iingcali ngokwakheka komhlaba zizama ukufumanisa iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo eyasekwa ngazo, ezikwasikhanyisela ngayo ukubunjwa kwezinye iinkwenkwezi kwisixokelelwano sesijikelezi-langa yaye ngaloo ndlela imvelaphi yendalo iphela. Kukwanjalo ne-seismology, inzululwazi ezama ukuqonda ubume begeology kunye ne-tectonic movement ukuze kuthintelwe iinyikima ezinokuthi zenzeke kwaye zithintele ukuba zibangele umonakalo ongaka ebantwini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isifundo se-geosphere sihamba kunye nokuqonda izinto esinokuzifumana eMhlabeni, kunye neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ubunjineli kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nezinye iinkalo ezibalulekileyo.
Uninzi lweempawu ezibalulekileyo zenxalenye nganye ye-geosphere
Core
Undoqo, njengoko igama lawo libonisa, yeyona ndawo inzulu yoMhlaba kwaye ke ibekwe kumbindi wengqukuva yomhlaba. Xa uthetha ngondoqo, iinxalenye ezimbini zihlala zohlulwa:
- Core
- I-nucleus yangaphandle
Undoqo yeyona ndawo iqinileyo, nangona oko kungenxa yokuba ixinene kakhulu, njengoko ikwayeyona ndawo ishushu eMhlabeni.
Umongo wenziwa ikakhulu ngezinto ezinzima ezifana intsimbi, nickel, uranium kunye negolide, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba, ngenxa yobunzima babo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlula iplanethi, ezi zixhobo ziphela kwiindawo ezinzulu zeplanethi, kunye nezinye izinto ezilula, kodwa zifakwe kwizinto ezinzima, ziphinde zitsalwe kwindawo enzulu. Zomhlaba.
Ingubo
Njengondoqo, ingubo yokwahlulahlula ibe yingubo yangaphakathi kunye nengubo yangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yengubo, asijongani nesakhiwo esiqinileyo, kodwa kunoko ulwelo. Inyaniso, ubukhulu becala yenziwe yimagma, into eshushu, encangathi egqabhuka kwintaba-mlilo xa idibana nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba, ebizwa ngokuba yi-lava.
I-mantle inesethi ebanzi yezinto eziphathekayo, ngoko ke zombini izinto ezinzima kunye nezilula zinokufumaneka. Ngenxa yokuba ilulwelo, ikwayinto ehlala ishukuma. Oku kufuna into ebizwa ngokuba yi-geological activity, ikakhulu kwiinyikima, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo, kunye nokusebenza kweeplate tectonic.
ICortex
Uqweqwe yinxenye yangaphandle eqinileyo yoMhlaba, kodwa oku bekungasoloko kunjalo. Ngexesha lokubunjwa koMhlaba, waphola ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye, enyanisweni, uyaqhubeka nokuphola. Ubushushu bokuqala busasazeka busiya ngaphandle kweplanethi, ngoko ke umaleko womphezulu uyaphola, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umphezulu oqinileyo udada phezu kwengubo yolwelo, ekwaziyo ukugcina ubushushu bayo ngenxa yokugquma koqweqwe.
ixolo Kukwalapho izinto zokukhanya ezenza isangqa somhlaba ziqokelelana kakhulu.. Enyanisweni, kungenxa yale meko ukuba izinto ezifana nentsimbi, ilothe, iuranium okanye igolide kunzima kakhulu ukuzifumana phezu komhlaba. Enyanisweni, kukho imithombo emibini kuphela yezi zixhobo ezinzima. Batsalwa ngezinto ezikhaphukhaphu kwaye bashiywa phezu komhlaba ngexesha lokwahlulahlula komhlaba, okanye beza kwiplanethi yethu ngeemeteorites kunye neeasteroids emva kokuba uqweqwe lwaqina, lwangqubana nomhlaba oqinileyo, kwaye aluzange lutshone okanye luhlale esithubeni.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-geosphere kunye neziphi iimpawu zayo.