Sihlala sithetha ngongcoliseko lomoya, iigesi ezikhutshwa kwizithuthi nakumashishini, kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho abantu abaninzi abangaziyo yintoni umoya, zithini iimpawu zayo, iileya kunye nokuba kubaluleke kangakanani.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni umoya ojikeleze umhlaba, yintoni iibhedi zayo kunye nokuba zibaluleke kangakanani kubomi beplanethi.
uthini umoya
Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ngumaleko ofanayo wegesi ejikeleze isijikelezi-langa okanye isibhakabhaka kwaye ugcinwe kwindawo yawo ngumxhuzulane. Kwezinye iiplanethi ezenziwe ngegesi ubukhulu becala, olu maleko lunokuba xinene kwaye lubenzulu.
I-atmosfera yomhlaba ikwi-10.000 yeekhilomitha ukusuka kumphezulu woMhlaba kunye nezindlu iigesi eziyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe ubushushu beplanethi obuzinzile kunye nokuvumela ubomi buphuhlise kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Ukuhamba komoya okukhoyo kuyo kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo ne-hydrosphere (iqoqo lamanzi eplanethi), kwaye zichaphazela omnye nomnye.
I-atmosphere yethu inokwahlulwa ibe yimimandla emibini emikhulu: i-homogeneous layer (engaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezili-100) kunye ne-heterogeneous layer (ukusuka kwiikhilomitha ezingama-80 ukuya kumda ongaphandle), ummandla wokuqala uhluke kakhulu kwaye uhambelana ngokweentlobo zeegesi eziqulunqayo. . ingingqi nganye Qualitative, kwaye stratified kwaye yahlulwa okwesibini.
Imvelaphi kunye nenguquko ye-atmosfera inokulandwa umva kumanqanaba okuqala oMhlaba, apho ungqimba olungqindilili lwegesi yamandulo lwahlala lujikeleze uMhlaba, luqulunqwe ikakhulu yi-hydrogen kunye ne-helium evela kwisixokelelwano selanga. Nangona kunjalo, ukupholisa ngokuthe ngcembe koMhlaba kunye nenkangeleko yobomi yatshintsha i-atmosphere kwaye yatshintsha umxholo wayo ukuya kumanqanaba esiwaziyo namhlanje ngeenkqubo ezifana ne-photosynthesis kunye ne-chemical synthesis okanye ukuphefumla.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Iatmosfera yomhlaba yenziwe ziintlobo ngeentlobo zeegesi, ezona pesenti ziphezulu zobunzima zigxininiswe kwi-11 km yokuqala yomphakamo (I-95% yomoya ikwinqanaba layo lokuqala), kunye nobunzima obumalunga ne-5,1 x 1018 kg.
Iigesi eziphambili eziqulunqayo (kwi-homogeneous sphere) yi-nitrogen (78,08%), i-oksijini (20,94%), umphunga wamanzi (phakathi kwe-1% kunye ne-4% kumgangatho ophezulu) kunye ne-argon (0,93%). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iigesi zikwakho ngezixa ezincinci. ezifana ne-carbon dioxide (0,04%), neon (0,0018%), i-helium (0,0005%), i-methane (0,0001%), njl.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, i-heterosphere yenziwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo e-nitrogen ye-molecular (80-400 km), i-oksijeni ye-athomu (i-400-1100 km), i-helium (i-1100-3500 km) kunye ne-hydrogen (3500-10.000 km). Uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric kunye nobushushu buyancipha ngokuphakama, ngoko iqokobhe langaphandle liyabanda kwaye lincinci.
Umaleko womoya
Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba wenziwe ngoomaleko balandelayo:
- Umaleko wokuqala odibana nomphezulu womhlaba, apho uninzi lweegesi zasemoyeni ziye zaqokelelana. Ifikelela kumphakamo weekhilomitha ezi-6 kwiipali kunye neekhilomitha ezili-18 kuwo wonke umhlaba, kwaye iyeyona ishushu kuzo zonke iifom, nangona ubushushu bayo bomda wangaphandle bufikelela ku -50 ° C.
- Iyahluka ngobude ukusuka kwi-18 ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezingama-50 kwaye isasazwa kwiingqimba ezininzi zegesi. Enye yazo yi-ozone layer, apho imitha yelanga ichaphazela ioksijini ukwenza iimolekyuli ze-ozone (O3), eyaziwa ngokuba yi "ozone layer". Le nkqubo yenza ubushushu, yiyo loo nto amaqondo obushushu estratospheric enyuke kakhulu ukuya ku -3°C.
- Umoya ophakathi, 50 ukuya 80 km ukuphakama, Yeyona ndawo ibandayo yomoya uphela, ifikelela -80°C.
- I-ionosphere okanye i-thermosphere. Ukuphakama kwayo kuyahluka ukusuka kuma-80 ukuya kuma-800 eekhilomitha, umoya ubhityile kakhulu, kwaye iqondo lobushushu liguquguquka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kubukhulu belanga: ubushushu balo bunokufikelela kwi-1.500 °C emini kwaye lehla kakhulu ebusuku.
- Umaleko wangaphandle womoya uphakathi 800 kunye ne-10.000 yeekhilomitha ukuphakama, ngokungenakulinganiswa, yinguqu nje phakathi kweatmosfera kunye nesithuba esingaphandle. Apho, ukuphuncuka kwezinto ezikhaphukhaphu emoyeni, ezifana ne-helium okanye i-hydrogen, kwenzeka.
i-ozone layer yestratosphere
I-ozone layer ngumaleko ojikeleze umhlaba kwaye ikhusela imitha yelanga kunye nemitha yeultraviolet ekufikeleleni kwizinto eziphilayo. Ummandla westratosphere yomhlaba oqulathe ezona ndawo ziphezulu zeozone ubizwa ngokuba yiozone layer okanye iozone layer. Lo maleko ufunyenwe phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-50 yeekhilomitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, iqulethe i-90% ye-ozone emoyeni kwaye ifunxa phakathi kwe-97% kunye ne-99% yemitha ye-ultraviolet. i-frequency ephezulu (150-300nm). Yafunyanwa ngo-1913 ziingcali zefiziksi uCharles Fabry noHenri Bison.
Isazi ngemozulu saseBritani iGMB yaphonononga iimpawu zayo ngokweenkcukacha. UDobson wenze i-spectrophotometer elula enokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa i-ozone yestratospheric kumphezulu woMhlaba. Phakathi kwe-1928 kunye ne-1958, i-Dobson yaseka uthungelwano lwehlabathi lwezikhululo zokubeka iliso ze-ozone ezisasebenza namhlanje. Iyunithi yeDobsonia iyunithi yokulinganisa ubungakanani be-ozone, ebizwa ngegama lakhe.
Ukubaluleka kweatmosfera
Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba unendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni isijikelezi-langa nobomi. Uxinaniso lwayo luyaphambukisa okanye luthomalalise uhlobo lwemitha yemitha yombane evela esithubeni, kunye neemeteorites kunye nezinto ezinokuthi ekugqibeleni zibetheke kumphezulu wayo, uninzi lwazo zinyibilika xa zingena ngenxa yokukhuhlana nerhasi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ozone layer (i-ozone layer) ibekwe kwi-stratosphere, ukuqokelelwa kwale gesi. ithintela imitha yelanga ukuba ingene emhlabeni, ngaloo ndlela igcina ubushushu boMhlaba buzinzile. Ngelo xesha, isixa esikhulu segesi sithintela ubushushu ukuba busasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwindawo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "greenhouse effect".
Okokugqibela, iatmosfera iqulethe iigesi eziyimfuneko ebomini njengoko sisazi kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili umjikelo wamanzi wokuba ngumphunga, ukujiya kunye nemvula yamanzi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni umoya kunye neempawu zayo.