La ungcoliseko lomoya ichaphazela ngaphezulu kwabemi abasi-8 kwabali-10 ehlabathini. Kwaye imeko iyaqhubeka ukonakala, ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo. Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi upapashe ngoMeyi 12 isishwankathelo esibanzi se umgangatho womoya kwindawo yasezidolophini. Esi siseko sedatha sitsha sigubungela iidolophu ezingama-3.000 103 ezikumazwe ayi-2014, ziphindaphindwe kabini umthamo wesifundo sangaphambili esapapashwa ngo-XNUMX.
Kumhlaba jikelele, amanqanaba oxinzelelo amasuntswana amahle kwimimandla yasezidolophini bonyuke nge-8% kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo. Ukuba imeko ingaphaya kokungalawuleki kumazwe atyebileyo, ungcoliseko lomoya luba mandundu kumazwe asaphuhlayo.
Owona mqobo uphakamileyo usetelwe nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi zii-micrograms ezingama-20 kwityhubhu yemitha yongqinisiso lonyaka lwe- amasuntswana ocoliweyo PM10 emoyeni, ixabiso ligqithe ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezininzi zasezidolophini zamazwe asahlumayo. Umzekelo, esona sixeko singcoliseke kakhulu ehlabathini asiseyo New Delhi, kwaye ngoku Peshawar, ePakistan, apho umlinganiselo woxinaniso ufikelela kwi-540 micrograms per cubic meter, inani elothusayo elinemiphumo emibi kwimpilo yabemi balo.
IPeshawar, esona sixeko singcolisekileyo emhlabeni
Namhlanje, phantse kuzo zonke izixeko ezinabemi abangaphezu kwe-100.000 kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi okanye ephakathi, amanqanaba ongcoliseko angaphezulu lee kumlinganiselo omiselwe yiWHO. Ngaphaya koko, amanani abonisa ukwanda okuxhalabisayo kwiindawo ezinje Pakistan, Afghanistan kunye neIndiya, imimandla elikhaya lezona zixeko zingcolisekileyo kwesi sijikelezi-langa.
EPakistan, ikomkhulu lezoqoqosho, Karachi, kunye nesixeko sase Irawindi Bazisa umoya ophefumlayo. Imeko iyafana eAfghanistan, ngakumbi kwi Kabul y Mazar-e-Sharif. I-Indiya nayo ibalasele ngezixeko ezifana Raipur y eAllahabad, zombini kunye namanqanaba othusayo amasuntswana amisiweyo ajikeleze i-229 micrograms nganye cubic meter eNew Delhi.
Ziliqela izinto ezinegalelo ekwandeni kongcoliseko kule mimandla, njengohlobo loshishino, ukuba kufutshane kwemimandla yasezidolophini kwimimandla yemizi-mveliso engenamithetho eyaneleyo, kwakunye nokuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili kuwo omabini amandla neenkqubo zothutho.
Impembelelo yongcoliseko kwimpilo
Ngokutsho kwe-WHO, ungcoliseko lomoya kuqikelelwa ukuba luxanduva lokufa kwangaphambi kwezigidi ezi-4 ngonyaka kwihlabathi liphela. Izifo eziqhelekileyo ezinxulumene nokuvezwa ixesha elide kungcoliseko lomoya ziquka izifo ezingapheliyo zokuphefumla ezifana ne-asthma, izifo zemiphunga, isifo senhliziyo, kunye nesifo sohlangothi. Ngapha koko, i-WHO ithatha ungcoliseko lomoya njengenye yeengozi eziphambili kwimpilo yoluntu kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ukongeza, ukuvezwa ixesha elide kumasuntswana amahle (PM10 y PM2.5) inokungena ngokunzulu kwimiphunga kwaye ngaloo ndlela ingene kwigazi, elihambelana nokunyuka kokufa okuvela umhlaza wemiphunga kunye nezifo zentliziyo. Amasuntswana e-Ultrafine, amancinci nangaphantsi ngobukhulu, ayingozi kakhulu ngenxa yokukwazi kwabo iiseli ezinqamlezayo.
Ezona zixeko zingcoliseke kakhulu
Ezinye zezixeko ngoku ezinamaqondo aphezulu ongcoliseko lomoya zezi:
- Peshawar (Pakistan) – 540 µg/m³
- Kabul (Afghanistan) – 390 µg/m³
- I-Raipur (eIndiya) – 305 µg/m³
- IsiKarachi (ePakistan) – 295 µg/m³
- eDelhi (eIndiya) – 260 µg/m³
- IRiyadh (eSaudi Arabia) – 370 µg/m³
Ukongeza kwi-Peshawar esele ikhankanyiwe, ezinye iidolophu zidlula i-350 micrograms kwi-cubic meter yeengqungquthela ezintle, ezibeka abemi bazo kwiimeko ezinzima ngokubhekiselele kwimpilo. Kwilizwekazi laseAsia, imimandla yeGulf, njenge Saudi Arabia, nazo zijongene nezinga eliphezulu kakhulu longcoliseko, oluchaphazela izigidi zabemi kwizixeko ezifana Riad y IAl-Jubail.
Ezothutho kunye nokukhutshwa kwamashishini njengemithombo ephambili
La ungcoliseko lomoya ezidolophini Yenziwa mandundu kakhulu yimisebenzi yabantu. Yena ukuthuthwa ngepetroli kunye nezithuthi zedizili inoxanduva lwenxalenye enkulu yezinto ezikhutshwayo ezingcolisayo, kuba ikhupha izixa ezikhulu ze initrogen oxides (NOx) kunye ne-particle matter. Ngokufanayo, i ma shishini kumazwe asakhasayo, amaninzi awo angenayo imigaqo engqongqo, anegalelo elikhulu kule ngxaki.
Enye into ephawulekayo kukusetyenziswa kwe Amafutha okufudumeza nokupheka ekhaya, ingxaki eqhubekayo kumazwe ahambele phambili kunye nasakhasayo. Amafutha afana namalahle, iinkuni okanye i-kerosene ukuvelisa izinto ezikhutshwayo eziyingozi ezichaphazela kungekuphela nje umoya wangaphandle kodwa nomoya ongaphakathi ezindlwini.
Izisombululo kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphucula umgangatho womoya
Ukuphucula umgangatho womoya kwezi zixeko zivelayo kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo kwimpilo yoluntu, i-WHO iphakamisa amanyathelo abanzi afana nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemizi-mveliso ngokusebenzisa Itekhnoloji ecocekileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngakumbi, kunye ne ukukhuthazwa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Kwakhona, i Cities Smart zivela njengesisombululo setekhnoloji ukujonga umgangatho womoya ngexesha lokwenyani. Ezi zixeko, ngofakelo lwe izinzwa ezisasaziweyo, inokubeka iliso kumanqanaba ongcoliseko lomoya kunye nokubonelela ngedatha echanekileyo. Idatha eqokelelweyo ivumela abasemagunyeni ukuba benze izigqibo zothintelo kwaye balungelelanise imigaqo-nkqubo yedolophu ngokokuziphatha kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
Okokugqibela, oorhulumente kufuneka bakhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kwe izithuthi zombane okanye hybrid kunye nokukhuthaza i zothutho loluntu, njengoko kuye kwenziwa kwezinye izixeko zaseYurophu. Kukwabalulekile ukuphumeza Iindawo ezikhupha into ephantsi (ZBE) kunye nokukhuthaza ukudalwa kweendawo eziluhlaza ezifaka isandla ekuphuculeni umgangatho womoya.
Ungcoliseko lomoya kwizixeko ezisakhulayo lusaqhubeka luyingxaki enkulu echaphazela impilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukulwa lo mngeni, kubalulekile ukwamkela imilinganiselo kurhulumente, kumashishini kunye namanqanaba abemi, ukusebenzisa izicwangciso ezisekelwe kumandla acocekileyo kunye nezithuthi ezingangcolisi.