Oonobangela kunye neziphumo zongcoliseko lomhlaba

La ungcoliseko lomhlaba okanye ukuguqulwa komgangatho womhlaba kubangelwe zizizathu ezahlukeneyo kwaye iziphumo zawo zihlala zibangela iingxaki ezimandla ezichaphazela izityalo, izilwanyana okanye impilo yabantu ixesha elide.

Ngokusebenzisa ezolimo yenye yeendlela i-ikhosistim engalinganiyo, engcolisa amanzi okusela okanye amanzi okunkcenkceshela, okuthetha ukuba le ngxaki ayinakusoloko isonjululwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuphela yinxalenye yomonakalo enokuphinda ibekho. Kodwa,oonobangela banegalelo kungcoliseko lomhlaba ingasonjululwa njani?

Izinto ezibangela ungcoliseko lomhlaba

Izizathu zokungcoliseka komhlaba ziyahluka, umzekelo izinto eziyityhefu phantsi komhlaba ezigcina zingcolise amanzi omhlaba eziya kuthi ke zisetyenziselwe ukunkcenkceshela, ukusela okanye ukugqibela ngokutyhefa ngokutya. Inkqubo elawula ukungazihluphi ngokungazi thina nayo yonke into esirhangqileyo, kwaye eyona ngxaki inkulu kukuba iyakuthatha izizukulwana ezimbalwa ukulungisa oko sikubangeleyo kule nzame yokuvelisa ubukhulu becala ngaphandle kokucinga ngezo ziza kuza kamva. thina.

Ukuqhagamshelana nommandla ongcolileyo akusoloko ngqo. Yinto eyenzekayo xa bengcwatywa izinto eziyityhefu phantsi komhlaba kwaye ezi ziphela zingcolisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba athi emva koko asetyenziselwe ukunkcenkceshela, ukusela okanye ukugqiba ukutyhefa nge itsheyina lokutyaNgokutya iintlanzi, iinkukhu okanye nasiphi na isilwanyana esingcolileyo.

Ukugcinwa kwenkunkuma ngempazamo, ukulahla ngabom okanye ngengozi (njengenkampani ye-Ercros eFlix) inkunkuma kumphezulu wayo okanye ukungcwatywa okufanayo (iindawo ezininzi zokulahla inkunkuma eSpain), kunye nokuvuza kwiitanki okanye kwiidiphozithi ngenxa yokonakala, iziseko zophuhliso ezingalunganga zezinye zezona zinto zibangela oko.

Kwaye, asihlali apha nje ukusukela ngoku Uluhlu lwandisiwe ngeengxaki "ezincinci" ezinje ngokuvuza kwe-radioactive, ukusetyenziswa ngamandla kwezibulali zinambuzane, imigodi, ishishini lamachiza okanye izinto ezifanayo zokwakha ezisetyenziswa namhlanje ngaphandle kokuqonda ifuthe abanalo.

Ukulahlwa komhlaba eSpain

Ingqwalasela encinci ehlawulwa yiSpain ekubuyiseleni nasekunyamekeleni okusingqongileyo namhlanje iyinto ehlazo phambi kwe-European Union, kodwa isongela ukuba umthombo wesohlwayo sezigidi kwiminyaka ezayo. I-Brussels inezicwangciso zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwakhona ngo-2020, onke amazwe angamalungu ayo kuya kufuneka asebenzise kwakhona i-50% yenkunkuma yabo, kwaye iKhomishini sele izakuvuma ukufikelela kwi-70% ngo-2030. Nangona kunjalo, iSpain ayisasebenzi kwakhona namhlanje 33% yenkunkuma yakho kwaye ukuqhubela phambili kuncinci. Nokuba lelona themba linethemba lokuba ilizwe lethu liya kuyenza imisebenzi yalo kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu.

Umnxeba wokuqala wokuvuka sele ufikile ngohlobo lwesigwebo esiphindwe kabini kwiNkundla yezoBulungisa ye-European Union (CJEU), egweba iSpain ngobukho kunye nokushiya ngokupheleleyo Indawo yokulahla inkunkuma engalawulekiyo engama-88. Eyokuqala yakhutshwa ngoFebruwari ka-2016 yaza yachonga iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma ezingama-27 ezazisasebenza okanye zingatywinwanga emva kokuvalwa. Eyesibini ifike kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo kwaye ibeka umnwe wayo kwezinye iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma ezingama-61, ezingama-80% zisasazwa phakathi kweCanary Islands kunye neCastilla y León.

Ngokutsho kweengcali ezahlukeneyo, ukugcwaliswa komhlaba ziibhombu ezisebenzisa ixesha. Xa sele zivaliwe, kufuneka zilawulwe ngokusingqongileyo iminyaka eli-30, Ukubeka iliso kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nokukhutshwa komoya, kuba iinkqubo zokubola azimiswa ngokutywina umngxuma.

Uninzi lweendawo ezivalekileyo zomthetho zigutyungelwe zii-millimeter ezintathu ze-polyethylene, enesithintelo sodongwe kwiimeko ezilungileyo, kodwa zihlala zihlatywa yigesi kunye nentshukumo yomhlaba. «Ziyingozi yempilo yoluntu. Ulawulo lufihla emva kwenyani yokuba uninzi luqukethe inkunkuma ye-inert kuphela, kodwa ulumke kakhulu ngokudilizwa kunye nezinto zokwakha, ezinjenge-asbestos okanye imibhobho ekhokelayo, ebonakalisiweyo Ziyi-carcinogenic»

Ukuchithwa kwe-Ercros kwiFlix

Idama laseFlix, kwiphondo laseCatalan laseTarragona, libone ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane yokuchitheka kunye nongcoliseko lomhlaba ngokuqhubeka, ukutyeba kunye neekhemikhali eziyityhefu ngumzi mveliso weekhemikhali wenkampani yase-Ercros. Oku kukhokelele kungcoliseko umlambo ngokubanzi i-Ebro, ukusuka apho ukuya emlonyeni.

Ungcoliseko lubandakanya izinyithi ezinzima ezinjenge-mercury kunye ne-cadmium, okanye i-organochlorine compounds enetyhefu kunye neyoqhubekayo njenge hexachlorobenzene, biphenyls polychlorinated (PCBs) okanye i-DDT kunye nemetabolites.

“I-Ercros, ethathwa njengeyona ndawo ingcolisayo kumlambo i-Ebro, ibisilwa iminyaka ukuphepha ukuhlawulela ukucocwa komlambo, nongumthombo obalulekileyo wamanzi okusela. Umzi-mveliso we-Ercros umi kufutshane nedolophu yaseFlix, ethi inike igama layo kwichibi elichaphazeleke kukungcoliseka kwe-Ercros SA, eyayisakuba yi-Erkimia, apho ivelisa ize ithengise khona iimveliso ezisisiseko kumzi-mveliso wamachiza kunye namayeza.

Uluhlu olude

Ngelishwa, uluhlu lude kakhulu, phantse alunasiphelo. Singachaza ezinye izizathu ezibaluleke ngokulinganayo, ezinje ngemigodi (izinto ezinje nge-mercury, i-cadmium, ubhedu, i-arsenic, lead), ishishini leekhemikhali, ukuvuza okunemitha, ukusetyenziswa okunzima kwezibulali zinambuzane, ungcoliseko oluvela kwiinjini ezivuthayo, umsi ovela kwimizi-mveliso, izinto zokwakha, Ukutshiswa kwe-fuels (amalahle, i-oyile kunye negesi), umjelo wamanzi amdaka amadala akwimeko embi phakathi kwabanye.

Siyabona ukuba kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemithombo yokungcola komhlaba, oonobangela bamaxesha amaninzi kunzima ukuzifumana, kuba izinto ezingcolisayo zinokufikelela kwizityalo okanye kwizilwanyana okanye, zingcolise amanzi ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa hayi rhoqo azibalulekanga.

Kwinyani ebuhlungu Kungenxa yokuba zininzi izizathu, ethi gabalala ibangele ukungoneliseki ekuzameni ukufumanisa ukuba ziyintoni na, kuba ingumsebenzi onzima lowo. Ingathi endlwini yethu sineendawo ezivuzayo ezingama-20 kwaye besingaziboni ukuba ziphi kunye nendlela yokuphelisa okanye yokulungisa. Ingxaki apha ayisiyondlu yethu, sisijikelezi-langa sethu esisemngciphekweni

Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu Kungenxa yokuba zininzi izizathu, ethi gabalala ibangele ukungoneliseki ekuzameni ukufumanisa ukuba ziyintoni na, kuba ingumsebenzi onzima lowo. Ingathi endlwini yethu sineendawo ezivuzayo ezingama-20 kwaye asiboni ukuba ziphi kunye nendlela yokuphelisa okanye yokulungisa. Ingxaki apha ayisiyondlu yethu, sisijikelezi-langa sethu esisemngciphekweni.

Iindidi zenkunkuma

Iimveliso eziyingozi: Ukucoca iimveliso, iipeyinti, amayeza kunye neebhetri zinetyhefu enkulu. Ezi mveliso zifuna iphulo lokuqokelela elingapheleli kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma engalawulekiyo apho kunokubangela iintlekele kokusingqongileyo ngokungcolisa amanzi nomhlaba.

Izitaki yenye yeefayile ze- iimveliso ezinobungozi kakhulu Umxholo wayo we-mercury kunye necadmium. Xa iibhetri ziphelile kwaye ziqokelelwe kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma okanye itshisiwe, imekyuri iyavunyelwa ukuba ibaleke, kwaye kungekudala ingene emanzini. Imercury ifunxwa yiplankton kunye ne-algae, ukusuka kwezi ukuya kwiintlanzi kwaye ukusuka kwezi ukuya emntwini. Iseli yeqhosha inokungcolisa iilitha ezingama-600.000. zamanzi. Amayeza anezinto ezinetyhefu ezinokuthi zingene kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma kwaye zingene emanzini, ziyingcolise.

Inkunkuma

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Inkunkuma yeplastiki elwandle yingxaki enkulu yokusingqongileyo

Iziphumo zongcoliseko lomhlaba

La ungcoliseko lomhlaba ibonisa uthotho lweziphumo kunye neziphumo eziyingozi kokubini emntwini, kunye nakwizityalo nakwizilwanyana ngokubanzi. Iindidi ngeendidi zeempembelelo zetyhefu zixhomekeke kakhulu kwinto nganye ethi yonakalise impilo yomhlaba.

Eyokuqala isiphumo Olu ngcoliseko luchaphazela utyani, izityalo zithotyiwe kwaye iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo zincitshiswe kakhulu, ezo zisaphilayo ziya kuthi zibonise izinto ezibuthathaka kwaye inkqubo yazo yendalo iya kuba nzima.

Ungcoliseko lomhlaba luthintela ukukhula kobomi be inyamaNgaphandle kokutya okanye amanzi acocekileyo, iintlobo ziyafuduka okanye zifumane umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kwikhonkco labo lokuzala. Ngale nkqubo ke oko kubizwa ngokuba "kukuthotywa komhlaba" ngenxa yokoilahleko ngexabiso lomhlaba”, Imisebenzi yezolimo iyayeka, izilwanyana ziyanyamalala kwaye umhlaba awunamsebenzi.

Ukuphulukana nomgangatho womhlaba kubandakanya uthotho lweziphumo ezibi ukuqala kuwo ukwehla kwamaxabiso, njengoko besesitshilo, nokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe ukwakha, ukuhlakulela okanye, ngokulula nangokulula, ukugcina i-ecosystem esempilweni.

Iziphumo zinokubandezeleka cwaka, zibangele Ukuhla rhoqo kwamaxhoba, nokuba ngabantu okanye izilwanyana kunye neentlobo zezityalo.

Umzekelo ocacileyo yayisisityalo samandla enyukliya eChernobyl, okanye esona sitsha ukuvuza kwemitha okuvela kwisityalo saseJapan de Fukushima, kuba ungcoliseko lomhlaba luchaphazele ezolimo, imfuyo kunye nokuloba. Kuye kwafunyanwa ubutyobo obunemitha yeathom elunxwemeni Ukusuka eFukushima, ngokukodwa kulwandle lwaselwandle kuloo ndawo ichithekileyo, ngokwezifundo ezahlukeneyo zeZiko lezeNzululwazi ngezoShishino kwiYunivesithi yaseTokyo, kwiDyunivesithi yaseKanazawa kunye neZiko loPhando kuZwelonke.

Kwelinye icala, kunye nokudodobala ngokwendalo komhlaba ngenxa yentlupheko yendalo, ihlala ilahleko engenakulungiseka, ukungcoliseka komhlaba kuthetha Oosozigidi balahlekelwa Ngokuthintela ukuxhaphazwa kwale meko yendalo ngabemi bemveli okanye abatyali mali mveliso.

IChernobyl kwiminyaka engama-30 kamva

Kwiminyaka engama-30 ukusukela kwengozi yenyukliya eChernobyl, ubuKomanisi bawa, iSoviet Union yaphela, kwaye babekhona Iinguqu ezimbini kunye nemfazwe efihlakeleyo engagqitywanga eUkraine.

Ngokwexesha lembali, kubonakala ngathi umhlaba ujike ngaphezulu kokuyimfuneko ukusukela ngala ntsasa imbi, apho iqela lamagcisa laqhushumisa isixhobo sesine sombane. Vladimir Lenin, ngaphandle kwento yokuba besenza uvavanyo ebelifanele ukomeleza ukhuseleko lwabo.

Kodwa okusingqongileyo-umoya, amanzi, umhlaba kunye nayo yonke into ebiphila kwaye eya kuhlala kuyo - ngokungathi izandla zewotshi azishukumi ngokoqobo. Inkqubo ye- Ungcoliseko lomhlaba osasazeka ngemitha luthatha amawaka eminyaka ukuthotywa. Ke amashumi amathathu eminyaka ayisiyonto xa kufikwa kwintlekele enkulu yenyukliya emhlabeni.

IChernobyl isekhona kwiziqhamo zasehlathini nakumakhowa, kubisi nakwimveliso yobisi, kwinyama nakwiintlanzi, kwingqolowa. Kwaye kwiinkuni ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza umlilo nothuthu olushiyekileyo emva koko. Ngamanye amagama, kwimpilo yabo bonke abantu. Into enoxanduva-nanamhlanje- iya kuba kukuya kwimarike nge Ikhawuntari yeGiiger, Oomatshini abancinci abenza ingxolo ephazamisayo xa besondela kwi-radioactivity, ukwazi ukuba iimveliso oza kuzithatha kwitafile yakho zinenqanaba elifunekayo lokhuseleko ukungeniswa. 

Izisombululo kungcoliseko lomhlaba

Uthintelo Esona sisombululo sisiso, fundisa omncinci ukuba afake isandla. Ukusuka ekulahleni inkunkuma kwindawo yakho ukuya ekuthatheni inxaxheba ekuqhubeni nokucoca uluntu.

Kodwa kuyinyani ukuba awunakuhlala (kwaye awufuni) ukunqanda ungcoliseko lomhlaba. Ngamanye amaxesha kwenzeka iingozi, zisenza nzima ukulawula, xa kungenakwenzeka.

Ukuba siya ngqo kwingcambu yengxaki, a Utshintsho olukhulu kwimodeli yokuvelisa okanye ukuthintelwa kwezinto ezithile njengomsebenzi wamashishini athile avelisa inkunkuma enetyhefu, ukukhutshwa emgodini, ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ezingezizo ezisekwe kwioyile.

Ngelishwa, olu khetho alukho ngaphezu kwephupha. Ke ngoko, ebusweni be fait accompli, kufunwa izisombululo ezizahlula ukusuka ekucoceni indawo ukuya kumda olula wendawo eyonakeleyo kunye ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimisebenzi ethile. Kwiimeko ezinzima, ezifana neFukushima okanye iChernobyl, iindawo ezichaphazelekayo azifanelanga ubomi bomntu.

Kwaye, kuba ungcoliseko lonyukile kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje njengesiphumo sophuhliso lwamashishini kunye nophuhliso lweedolophu, izisombululo zivela ngokuchanekileyo kulawulo lwale mithombo. Ngokwesiqhelo, iintshukumo zijolise ekuphuculeni ukuphinda zisebenze izityalo ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lomhlaba kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, lwamanzi, kuba iphelela ekungcoliseni.

I-bioremediation yomhlaba sisicwangciso esifuna ukubuyisela i-ecosystems engcolileyo kusetyenziswa izinto eziphilayo, ezinje ngebhaktiriya, izityalo, ifungi ... ngumlungelelanisi. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubanzi, kuneziphumo ezinomdla kwimihlaba engcoliswe yiradioactivity okanye, umzekelo, yimisebenzi yezemigodi.

Njengeendlela ezilungileyo, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma, i ukumiliselwa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo, unyango lwenkunkuma yamashishini kunye neyasekhaya okanye ukukhuthazwa kwezolimo kwendalo kuya kunceda ekugcineni imihlaba ingenalo ungcoliseko. Gcina uthungelwano lwelindle lukwimeko elungileyo kwaye uphucule ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, kunye nokunyangwa kokukhutshwa kwemizi-mveliso okubuyiselwa kwindalo.

Ezinye izisombululo ezinokuthi zithathelwe ingqalelo zezi:

Unethiwekhi yothutho loluntu elungileyo

Abantu basebenzisa iimoto kungekuphela ukulungiselela, kodwa nangenxa yokuba kunzima kangakanani ukuhamba ngezithuthi zikawonke-wonke kwizixeko ezininzi. Ukuba oorhulumente batyala imali kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke ezifanelekileyo, abantu baya kuba madolw 'anzima ukuzisebenzisa

Sebenzisa iimoto zombane

Iimoto zombane sele zixhaphake kakhulu ezixekweni kwaye, ngenxa yokuba zixhotyiswe kuphela ngumbane, azikhuphi naluphi na uhlobo lokungcola kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngelixa iifayile ze ukuzimela kwakuqhele ukuba yingxakiNamhlanje, iibhetri zemoto zombane zihlala ixesha elide, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane izikhululo zokutshaja kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeedolophu.

Kunqande ukuba imoto yakho ibaleke kakhulu xa umile

Umlinganiselo onokuwuthatha ngoku. Kuphephe ukuma ngxi nemoto yakho ibaleka, kuba ngalo mizuzu isithuthi sisebenzisa isixa esilungileyo sepetroli, kunye nokukhutshwa kwayo okufanelekileyo

Gcina imoto yakho ikwimeko entle

Imoto engasebenzi kakuhle ithambekele ungcolisa ngakumbi. Ukuba uqhuba ulondolozo oluhambelanayo kwisithuthi sakho, uqinisekisa kungekuphela ukunqanda iingxaki zokusebenza, kodwa unciphisa ukuphuma kwegesi

Nceda ukuthintela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi

Ukuthintela ukungcoliseka komhlaba, amanyathelo okugawulwa kwamahlathi kufuneka enziwe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Tyala imithi. Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba lwenziwa xa kungekho mithi yokuthintela ungqameko oluphezulu lomhlaba ekubeni luhanjiswe ziiarhente ezahlukeneyo zendalo, ezinjengamanzi nomoya.

Khetha ngakumbi kwiimveliso eziphilayo.

Alithandabuzeki elokuba iimveliso eziphilayo zibiza kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neekhemikhali. Kodwa ukhetho lweemveliso eziphilayo luya kukhuthaza a imveliso ngakumbi organic. Oku kuya kukunceda ekuthinteleni ungcoliseko lomhlaba.

Iingxowa zeplastiki

Sebenzisa iingxowa zelaphu. Gwema ukutya iiplastiki njengoko zithatha ixesha elide ukuba zidilizwe. Ngethamsanqa kuba kufuneka behlawule ukusetyenziswa kwabo kuye kwehla kakhulu.

Ukuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwenkunkuma

Kuya kufuneka sihlele inkunkuma ngokwendlela eyakhiwe ngayo:

• Inkunkuma yemvelo: yonke inkunkuma yemvelaphi yebhayoloji, eyayikade isaphila okanye iyinxalenye yesidalwa esiphilayo, umzekelo: amagqabi, amasebe, amakhoba kunye neentsalela zokwenza ukutya ekhaya, njl.
• Intsalela engaphiliyo: nayiphi na inkunkuma yemvelaphi engeyiyo eyendalo, evela kwimizi-mveliso okanye enye inkqubo engeyoyendalo, umzekelo: iplastiki, amalaphu okwenziwa, njl.
• Iintsalela eziyingozi: nayiphi na inkunkuma, nokuba ivela kubomi bendalo okanye hayi, leyo inokuba yingozi enokubakho kwaye ke kufuneka iphathwe ngendlela ekhethekileyo, umzekelo: izinto zonyango ezosulelayo, inkunkuma eqhumayo, iiasidi kunye neekhemikhali ezonakalisayo, njl.