Sonke siyazi ukuba umbane uveliswa kumaziko ombane. Into ekungathethwa ngayo kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwamandla ombane. Ukuthuthwa kombane kuvumela ukuhanjiswa kwamandla avelisiweyo ngamafektri kumaziko okusebenzisa. Ngamanye amazwi, yindlela umbane ohamba ngayo ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni ukuthuthwa kwamandla ombane, ukuba kwenziwa njani kwaye yintoni ukubaluleka kwayo.
Uthutho lwamandla ombane
Amandla ombane ahanjiswa ngeentambo zothumelo lwamandla ombane aphezulu, athi kunye nezikhululo zenza inethiwekhi yothumelo. Ukuhambisa umbane ngelahleko encinci yamandla kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kuyimfuneko ukunyusa izinga layo lombane. Imigca yokudlulisa okanye imigca yombane ephezulu yenziwe ngezinto zokuqhuba (ubhedu okanye i-aluminium) kunye nezinto ezixhasayo (iinqaba eziphezulu zombane). Ezi, xa amandla ombane azo kuthungelwano losasazo encitshisiwe, aqhube umbane kumgama omde.
Inethiwekhi yokuhanjiswa i-meshed, oku kuthetha ukuba onke amanqaku axhunyiwe komnye nomnye, kwaye ukuba kukho ingozi kwindawo ethile, ukunikezelwa kwamandla kuqinisekisiwe kuba amandla anokuvela komnye umgca. Ukongeza, inethiwekhi yothumelo ilawulwa kude, oko kukuthi, iimpazamo zinokubonwa kwaye zibekwe zodwa kwiziko lolawulo.
Iyunithi yamandla ombane aphezulu (AT) ijongene nokuthuthwa kombane ukusuka kumzi-mveliso ukuya kwisikhululo esingaphantsi. Ngezizathu zokhuseleko, iintambo zombane wamandla aphezulu zingcwatywa okanye zibekwe kwiipali zombane ngaphandle kwambindi wesixeko.
Imimiselo imisela ukuba nawaphi na amandla ombane angaphezu kwe-1 kV ithathwa njenge-AT, nangona iinkampani zombane ziseke ezinye iiyantlukwano okanye iimvaba:
- izibonelelo zothutho (udidi olukhethekileyo): Ufakelo olunombane omkhulu okanye olingana no-220 kV kunye nombane ophantsi oyinxalenye yothungelwano lothumelo (umzekelo, kwiziqithi, qwalasela inethiwekhi ye-66 kV njengothumelo).
- Uthungelwano lwamandla ombane aphezulu (udidi 1 no-2): ngaphantsi kwe-220 kV nangaphezulu kwe-30 kV
- Uthungelwano losasazo lombane ophakathi (udidi 3): phakathi kwe-30 kV kunye ne-1 kV.
Lulawulwe phi uthutho lwamandla ombane?
Uthungelwano lothumelo lwamandla lubandakanya inethiwekhi yokuqala yothumelo kunye nenethiwekhi yothumelo lwesibini. Ukongeza ekwahlulahluleni ngokwee-voltages ezahlukeneyo zothungelwano ngalunye, uthungelwano olungundoqo lothumelo lukwabandakanya nolunye uqhagamshelo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye, apho kufanelekileyo, uqhagamshelo kunye nenkqubo yombane engeyiyo yommandla. Ezinye ii-asethi zenethiwekhi, ezifana nezakhiwo kunye nezinye izinto ezincedisayo, zombane okanye ezingekho, nazo ziyinxalenye yenethiwekhi yezothutho.
Ukuthuthwa kwamandla ombane ikakhulu kulawula icandelo lombane kwiSahluko VI soMthetho wama-24/2013, we-26 kaDisemba, emisela ukuba zeziphi izibonelelo ziya kudityaniswa kuthungelwano, iimfuno zokulawula isicwangciso sokudityaniswa kothungelwano ukuvumela ukuvuzwa kwezibonelelo ezitsha ukuba ziqatshelwe kwaye zibandakanya imisebenzi eyenziwa ngumthwali.
Ngokufanayo, ngokumalunga nokhuseleko, kukwayimfuneko ukukhankanya uMthetho 21/1992, we-16 kaJulayi, kwiShishini, omisela ukuba imigangatho yokhuseleko iya kugqiba iimfuno zofakelo, uxanduva lomnini kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Umthetho ukwachaza iimpawu zamaqumrhu olawulo namaqumrhu ekufuneka eqhube uhlolo.
Kuzo zonke ezi ngasentla, kuyimfuneko ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo iRoyal Decree 223/2008, kaFebruwari 15, ngo. evuma ukulawulwa kweemeko zobugcisa, kunye neRoyal Decree 1955/2000, kaDisemba 1, ukuseka eminye imisebenzi yothutho egqithisileyo phakathi.
Ummiselo umisela ukuba iinkampani ze-T & D ziya kuba noxanduva lokuqhutywa, ukugcinwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwemigca abanayo, kunye nokucupha imigca ye-high-voltage engeyiyo yeenkampani ze-T & D, kwaye umthetho udala abafakeli bedijithali kunye. iinkampani zofakelo.
Yintoni iRed Eléctrica de España?
UMthetho weCandelo loMbane umisela ukuba i-Red Eléctrica de España, SA iya kuqhuba lo msebenzi njengomsebenzi wedwa kwaye okwangoku ingumnini wayo yonke imigca ye-voltage ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho uvumela urhulumente ukuba enze izibonelelo zezothutho zesibini, ngenxa yeempawu zabo kunye nemisebenzi, ephethwe ngabanini-mvume kwiindawo ezithile.
Umnini-sabelo oyintloko wenkampani yiGuotong Industrial Participation Company (SEPI), leyo ungumnini wezabelo ezingama-20%. I-80% eseleyo ithengiswa ngokukhululekileyo kwi-stock market. Iimpawu zenkampani zilawulwa ikakhulu nguMthetho 54/1997, we-27 kaNovemba, ngakumbi inqaku elongezelelweyo lama-23.
Umvuzo walo msebenzi usekelwe kwimilinganiselo yomvuzo evunywe yiKhomishini kaZwelonke yeeMarike noKhuphiswano (CNMC). Kufuneka kwakhona angenise izicwangciso zotyalo-mali zonyaka kunye nezeminyaka emininzi ukuze zamkelwe ngurhulumente.
Loluphi ugunyaziso olufunekayo kwizibonelelo zothutho?
Ukuqala, ukuguqulwa, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuvalwa okuqinisekileyo kofakelo lombane kuxhomekeke ekuthotyelweni kwangaphambili kolawulo logunyaziso olusekwe kuMthetho kunye nezibonelelo zawo zophuhliso.
Ugunyaziso lothutho, ukuhanjiswa, ukuveliswa kunye nemigca ethe ngqo yamandla ombane, umsunguli wayo kufuneka angqine ngokupheleleyo oku kulandelayo (inqaku le-53.4 loMthetho 24/2013, kaDisemba 26):
- Iimeko zobugcisa kunye nokhuseleko lofakelo kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumene nazo.
- Ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo iimeko zokusingqongileyo.
- Iimpawu zendawo yokufakela.
- amandla ayo asemthethweni, obugcisa kunye noqoqosho kunye nemali ukwenza iprojekthi.
Izigunyaziso zinikezelwa ngabasemagunyeni abanobuchule kulo mba ngaphandle kokungahoywa kwiimvumelwano eziyimfuneko kunye nezigunyaziso ngenxa yeminye imimiselo esebenzayo, ngakumbi leyo inxulumene nokucwangciswa kokusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukungabikho kwesisombululo esicacileyo kuya kuba neziphumo zokugxothwa (umhlathi 3 owongezelelweyo woMthetho weCandelo loMbane).
Ngaloo ndlela, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, phakathi kweminye imimiselo, imimiselo yalo mthetho isekwe kwiRoyal Decree 1955/2000, kaDisemba 1, apho imisebenzi yothutho, ukuhanjiswa, urhwebo, unikezelo kunye nenkqubo yofakelo olugunyazisiweyo lwamandla ilawulwa.
Ziziphi izibophelelo zomthwali?
Umsebenzisi unoxanduva lophuhliso kunye nokwandiswa kwenethiwekhi yothumelo ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kunye nokuphuculwa kwenethiwekhi elungiselelwe phantsi kwemigangatho ehambelanayo kunye neyokuhambelanayo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, imisebenzi yazo ibandakanya ukwenza izicwangciso zolondolozo, ukusebenza ne ulawulo lokuvavanya nokubeka iliso kwizicwangciso zotyalo-mali, ukuqinisekisa ukungacaluli, ukunika iilayisensi zoqhagamshelo okanye ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zokuhambisa amandla.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuthuthwa kwamandla ombane.