Amandla ahlaziyekayo ngokungathandabuzekiyo akwikamva kwixesha eliphakathi nelide, kwaye ezinye iindidi zamandla kufuneka zifunwe ukuze kuthathelwe indawo oovimba befosili esele iphelile. Indibaniselwano yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomdla inokuba sisizathu solu kuphazamiseka kutyalo-mali lwamandla namhlanje. Enye yamandla atsala umdla kakhulu ngamandla e-geothermal. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi abazi ukuba yintoni eyahlukileyo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-geothermal.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela malunga nokusetyenziswa okuphambili kwamandla e-geothermal, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka.
Iimpawu kunye nokusebenza
Omnye wemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo esetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu ngamandla e-geothermal. Ichazwa “njengamandla aveliswa yimithombo yobushushu bejoloji”.
Amandla e-geothermal nawo anokuthathwa njenge omnye umthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo ukuba ngaba uvavanyo lukhawuleza. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukutsalwa okuqhubekayo kwimithombo ye-geothermal kunokubangela uhlolo ngokutsha lwezinto eziphuma kubushushu ezijikeleze indawo yokutsalwa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba umthombo wamandla ungaphinde uhlaziyeke. Oku kungafaniyo kukwasekhaya kwaye kuxhomekeke kwixesha eliguquguqukayo kakhulu lophuhliso lomthombo, ngokuxhomekeke kwisiza.
Olu hlobo lwamandla lusekelwe kumgaqo wamandla e-geothermal, okanye ukusetyenziswa kobushushu bendalo bomhlaba (igama elithi geothermal lifumana i-etymology yalo kwisiGrike elithi "GE" kunye ne "thermos", elithetha ngokoqobo "ubushushu bomhlaba" ). Obu bushushu bukhutshwa ngokwemvelo yinkqubo yokubola kwenyukliya yezinto ezisasazwa ngemitha kumbindi woMhlaba, ingubo, kunye noqweqwe. Ezinye zezi zinto ziyi-uranium, i-thorium kunye ne-potassium, ezifumaneka ngokwenene kwiindawo ezinzulu zeplanethi yethu.
Ngaphakathi eMhlabeni, undoqo yinto evuthayo ekhupha ubushushu ukusuka ngaphakathi ukuya ngaphandle, ngoko ke ubushushu. Yonyuka phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-4 ºC rhoqo kwi-100 leemitha njengoko sisiya nzulu eMhlabeni.
Kodwa ingaphakathi loMhlaba lenziwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo, kwaye lifikelela kubunzulu obaneleyo ukuba amanzi afudumale, kwaye atshintshe isimo, abe ngumphunga wamanzi, oza kumphezulu ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu, nokuba kukwimo ye iijethi okanye imithombo eshushu.
Amandla okuvelisa amandla e-geothermal (60 mW/m²) angaphantsi kakhulu kunelanga (malunga nama-340 W/m²). Kwezinye iindawo, nangona kunjalo, obu bushushu bunokubakho bufikelela kuma-200 mW/m² kwaye buvelise ukufumba kobushushu kwi-akhwifa enokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso. Umlinganiselo wokutsalwa usoloko umkhulu kunomrhumo wokuguquguquka kobushushu, kwaye kufuneka kuthatyathwe ukhathalelo ukuba ungagxininisi kakhulu kwindawo yokutsalwa, okuya kuthatha amashumi eminyaka okanye iinkulungwane ukuchacha. Iindleko zokugaya zinyuka ngokukhawuleza ngobunzulu.
Amandla obushushu obuphantsi be-geothermal (50 ukuya kwi-100°C) asetyenziselwa ukufudumeza, ngothungelwano lwe-thermal, kwaye anqabile ukufudumeza izindlu zokugcina izityalo okanye i-aquaculture. Ngo-1995, umthamo we-thermal wehlabathi jikelele wawuyi-4,1 GW. Isenokuthi ibhekiselele ekusetyenzisweni kweempompo zobushushu bomhlaba, ezisebenzisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba angekho nzulu okanye "iiprobes ze-geothermal," zombiwe iimitha ezingama-50 ukuya kwi-100, ukubuyisela iikhalori ezaneleyo emhlabeni ukufudumeza igumbi.
Ngokuqala kwengxaki yeoli, umdla wehlabathi jikelele kumandla we-geothermal ukhule, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengomthombo wamandla ombane kukhula ngesantya sonyaka esimalunga ne-9%.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane
Amandla e-Geothermal asetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi, njengoko lo mthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo usivumela ukuba sivelise ubushushu, umbane okanye amanzi ashushu. Kuyo, kufuneka sihlale sikhetha indawo efanelekileyo yokufakela, sisebenzise ezona meko zibalaseleyo ezisivumelayo ukuba sihlangabezane neemfuno zethu.
Olona setyenziso luphambili lwamandla e-geothermal lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwekhaya kunye nobugcisa. Zezi zilandelayo:
- Ukufudumeza: Ngamandla e-geothermal, ubushushu bunokukhutshwa ngaphakathi komhlaba kwaye buguqulelwe kwisixokelelwano somoya wegumbi ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezikhuphayo ezifana nokufudumeza ngaphantsi.
- Amanzi ashushu: ingasetyenziselwa amanzi ashushu asekhaya, sebenzisa i-thermos yokugcina amanzi
- Umbane: Kuphela kusetyenziswa intlenga yobushushu obuphezulu obungaphezulu kwe-150º apho umbane unokuveliswa ngamandla e-geothermal
Ukongeza kusetyenziso oluphambili, amandla e-geothermal anezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo ezifana nezi:
- Ukomiswa kweemveliso, ikakhulu kwiinkampani zezolimo
- Ukucoca kunye nokutyiswa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zehydraulic
- Ukuvalwa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo.
- ukutsalwa kwetyuwa
- Ukuguquka kwamanzi kunye nokuchithwa kolwelo.
- Iifama zasemanzini kunye neentlanzi
- Ukupholisa, usebenzisa i-concrete medium
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ashushu ngeenjongo zococeko kunye nezonyango
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-geothermal ekhaya
Ukwazi amandla anokufunyanwa kubushushu bomhlaba ongaphantsi njengomnye wemithombo ehlaziyiweyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda iindlela esinokuyisebenzisa ngayo ngaphandle kokubhenela kweminye imithombo yokwenziwa kwezinto yaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, siyabuhlonela ubushushu bendalo bomhlaba.
Indlela esebenza kakhulu neyandayo, ngakumbi kulwakhiwo olutsha, kukwakha amakhaya aneshushu phantsi, amashiti akuvumela ukuba uhambe ujikeleze indlu unganxibanga zihlangu njengoko ukhupha ubushushu. Kunjalo, le migangatho ayinjalo ngokwendalo, okanye zenziwe ngemveliso ekhupha ubushushu, kodwa ngempompo yokushisa ukusabalalisa ubushushu kubo.
Impompo yobushushu yenye edibanisa indlu yethu namandla e-geothermal. Siyabulela kuyo sifezekisa ukutshintshiselana komoya okanye ubushushu ukuze ifunxe ingqele kwelinye icala kwaye ikhuphe ubushushu obusuka kumbindi womhlaba, kwiindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba. Ngale ndlela, ngokusebenzisa impompo, kunyeKuyakwazi ukulawula ubushushu obuphantsi komhlaba bendlu yonke, ukugcina ukufudumeza kuba kusekelwe kubushushu bendalo kunye nendalo.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iimpompo zobushushu, ezi ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa. Ungayitshintsha indawo yayo okanye uyicime ukuze iyeke ukukhupha ubushushu kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba, njengoko isenza ehlotyeni nalapho ungadingi bushushu obuninzi. Kwaye le mpompo ayiwasebenzisi amandla ewavelisayo ukuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi, kodwa amandla ewasebenzisayo ukusasaza nokuqhuba apho bufuneka khona.
Ukubeka umpompo wokushisa, xa kwakhiwa indlu, umgangatho kufuneka uphakanyiswe, ufakwe, kwaye ke umgangatho okhanyayo ufakwe. Kwimeko yolwakhiwo olutsha, inokufakwa ngeendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo:
- I-Geothermal ethe nkqo: Yinkqubo yehydraulic enoxanduva lokutshintshisa ubushushu nomhlaba ongaphantsi. Kumalunga nokuzama ityhubhu yamashumi eemitha ukufikelela apho ubunzulu kunye nobushushu bukhoyo.
- I-geothermal ethe tyaba: ifuna indawo ethe kratya kuba ayiplagwanga, ubukhulu becala iphantsi komhlaba, kodwa kufuneka ihlale kububanzi bendlu yonke, ke nangona ingabizi kakhulu, ifuna indawo engaphezulu, nangona indlu ivelisa indawo, hayi ukuba inkulu.
- I-Geothermal phantsi kweziseko: oku kuya kuba yinto efanelekileyo, kodwa kufuneka kucwangciswe, nangaphambi kokwakhiwa, ngaphambi kokubeka iziseko, ukwenzela ukuba xa imibhobho enxibelelana ne-subsoil ibekwe, ipompo ye-hydraulic inokufakwa eya kukunyamekela ukusabalalisa ubushushu obuphezulu.
Alithandabuzeki elokuba ukuba namandla e-geothermal ekhaya, kungekuphela nje ukufudumeza indlu kodwa kunye nokunika amandla amaziko ahlukeneyo, sisigcinela umbane omninzi rhoqo ngenyanga. Kodwa i-drawback kuphela kukuba ukufakwa kwayo, ngakumbi ngaphambi kokubeka isiseko, njengokuba kwimeko yofakelo phantsi kweziseko, kubiza kakhulu. Utyalo-mali lokuqala lukhulu kakhulu, ngakumbi ukuba wakha indlu ukusuka ekuqaleni. Ezona zifikelelekayo zineendawo zokufudumeza eziphantsi komhlaba, ezisinika uncedo lwe-geothermal kodwa zithembisa kancinci.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokusetyenziswa okuhlukeneyo kwamandla e-geothermal kunye neempawu zayo.