Ngaba uyazi ukuba amanzi ayasuswa? Zininzi iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene nongcoliseko lwamanzi. Sichaza ungcoliseko lwamanzi njengaye ukulahleka kweempawu zendalo zamanzi kunye nokwakheka kwawo ngenxa yeearhente zangaphandle, nokuba zezendalo okanye zezokuzenzela. Zininzi iindidi zongcoliseko ezinako ukuguqula, ukuguqula kunye nokuthotywa kwempawu zamanzi ezingaphakathi. Ngenxa yongcoliseko lwamanzi, iphulukana nokusebenza kwayo kwindalo kwaye ayisaphili iselwa ngabantu, ukongeza ekubeni yityhefu.
Phakathi kweentlobo zongcoliseko lwamanzi ezikhoyo namhlanje esiza kuthetha ngazo ubhalo. Eutrophication yamanzi yinkqubo yendalo kwindalo yasemanzini, eyenziwe kukwandiswa kwezondlo ezenziwa Izinto ezigqithileyo kwizinto eziphilayo bakhutshelwa emilanjeni nasemachibini zizinto ezenziwa ngabantu. Zeziphi iingxaki ezenziwa kukuvulwa kwamanzi kuphume umntu kunye nendalo?
Ingcaciso ngomgangatho wamanzi
Ukuqala ngokuthetha ngokudlulwa kwamanzi (njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, luhlobo longcoliseko lwamanzi) kufuneka sichaze, ngokomthetho wangoku, yintoni amanzi akwimo entle.
Sichaza ubulunga bamanzi njengeseti yeempawu zomzimba, zeekhemikhali kunye nezebhayoloji eziboniswa ngala manzi kwaye anazo ezivumela ubomi bezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuyo. Kule nto, kufuneka ibe neempawu ezininzi:
- Yiba ngaphandle kwezinto kunye nezinto ezincinci eziyingozi kubathengi.
- Yiba simahla kwizinto ezinokuzinika iimpawu ezingathandekiyo zokusetyenziswa (umbala, ukungabi nakumnwa, ivumba, incasa).
Ukuze sazi imeko akuyo amanzi, kufuneka sithelekise iiparameter ezifunyenwe emva kokuhlalutywa elebhu kunye nemigangatho ethile esemgangathweni yamanzi. Le migangatho inyanzeliswa nguMyalelo ka-2000/60 / EC wePalamente yaseYurophu kunye neBhunga, elimisela isakhelo soluntu sokusebenza kwicandelo lomgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi, owaziwa ngcono njenge Umkhombandlela weSakhelo saManzi. Lo Myalelo ujonge ukufezekisa kunye nokugcina imeko elungileyo yendalo kunye neekhemikhali zamanzi.
Ukuphela kwamanzi
Kule minyaka ingama-200 idlulileyo, umntu ukhawulezise inkqubo yokutya, eguqula kokubini umgangatho wamanzi kunye nolwakhiwo loluntu lwendalo oluhlala kulo.
Ukuphuma kwendalo kuvelisa ukukhula okukhulu kwe-microalgae idaya amanzi aluhlaza. Lo mbala ubangela ukuba ilanga lingangeni kumaleko asezantsi amanzi, ke ubulembu obukulo nqanaba abukufumani ukukhanya ukwenza ifotosinthesisi, ekhokelela ekufeni kwe-algae. Ukufa kwe-algae kuvelisa igalelo elongezelelekileyo lezinto eziphilayo ukuze indawo ibole kunye nokwehlisa imeko-bume (oku kuthetha imeko-bume yeoksijini).
Iziphumo zokususwa kwamanzi
Xa kukho i-eutrophication, amanzi aphulukana nokusetyenziswa okunokubakho apho amiselwe khona kwaye anyanzelisa nokufa kweentlobo zezilwanyana, ukubola kwamanzi kunye nokukhula kwamagciwane (ubukhulu becala ibacteria).
Ukongeza, kumaxesha amaninzi, iintsholongwane ziye zibe yingozi kwimpilo yabantu, njengoko kunjalo ngezifo ezibangelwa ngamanzi.
I-Eutrophication iguqula imeko yendalo esingqongileyo yasemanzini Ukutshintsha ikhonkco lokutya kunye nokunyusa i-entropy (ukuphazamiseka) kwendalo. Oku kuneziphumo ezinjengokuphulukana kwendalo engafaniyo kwindalo, ukungalingani kwendalo, kuba zimbalwa iintlobo zokunxibelelana, ubutyebi kunye nokwahluka kwemfuza kuyancipha.
Nje ukuba indawo ilahlekelwe sisakhono sayo okanye indalo eyahlukeneyo yendalo, iintlobo ezinamathuba amaninzi ziyanda, zihlala kwiindawo ezazakhiwe ngaphambili zezinye iintlobo. Iziphumo zendalo kwindalo yokususwa kwamanzi zikhatshwa iziphumo zoqoqosho. Ukulahleka kwamanzi okusela kunye nemeko elungileyo yemilambo kunye namachibi kukhokelela kwilahleko zoqoqosho.
Amanqanaba okususwa kwamanzi
Ukuphuma kwamanzi kungenzeki kwangoko, kodwa kunamanqanaba aliqela njengoko siza kubona ngezantsi:
Inqanaba le-Oligotrophic
Oku kuhlala kuyinto yesiqhelo kwaye isempilweni imeko yendalo. Inkqubo yendalo yomlambo, umzekelo, ubukho obuphakathi bezondlo ezaneleyo zokugcina iintlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo ezihlala kuyo kunye nenqanaba elaneleyo le-irradiance ukuze i-algae ikwazi ukwenza ifotosinthesize ngaphakathi kuyo.
Kwinqanaba le-oligotrophic amanzi anokukhanya okungaphaya kwaye kuwo kukho izilwanyana eziphefumlayo nezicoca ioksijini.
Ukubonelelwa kwezondlo
Unikezelo olungaqhelekanga lwezakhamzimba lunokuba manqaphanqapha, ingozi okanye into eqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukuba amaxesha ngamaxesha kukho ukuchitheka okubangela ukugqitha kwesondlo emilanjeni, i-ecosystem inokuphinda ichache. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubonelelo olongezelelekileyo lwezondlo luqala ukuqhubeka, Ukuqhuma kwezityalo kunye ne-algae kuya kuqala.
Kukho i-algae ye-unicellular ekhula emanzini, kwindawo yefoto efanayo. Njengokuba zilulwelwe lwephotosynthetic, zinika amanzi umbala oluhlaza okhusela ukudlula kokukhanya kubunzulu obukade kufikelela kuko ngaphambili. Oku kudala ingxaki kwezi zityalo zikumazantsi endawo yokufota, kuba, xa ilanga lingafumani ngokwaneleyo abakwazi ukufota nokufa.
Ukongeza, ngenxa yokugqithileyo kwezondlo, ubuninzi bezityalo kunye ne-algae zikhula ngokucacileyo kwaye, njengakuzo zonke izinto zendalo, ibhalansi yendalo yaphukile. Ngoku imeko ijongeka ngoluhlobo: izondlo ezininzi kuninzi lwabemi. Nangona kunjalo, le meko ayinakuqhubeka ixesha elide, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba abantu bachitha izondlo kwaye baphela besifa kwaye babuyela emazantsi omlambo okanye echibini.
Inqanaba le-Eutrophic
Izinto ezingasekhoyo eziphilayo emazantsi zibola ziintsholongwane ezisebenzisa ioksijini kwaye zinokuvelisa ityhefu eyingozi kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana.
Ukungabikho kweoksijini kubangela ii-mollusks emazantsi ukuba zife kwaye iintlanzi kunye ne-crustaceans ziyafa okanye zibalekele kwiindawo ezingachaphazelekanga. Iintlobo ezihlaselayo eziqhele ukunqongophala kweoksijini zinokubonakala (umzekelo, iibarbels kunye neherch zinokususa isalmon kunye netrout).
Ukuba i-eutrophication ibhengezwe kakhulu, Indawo engenazo ioksijini inokwenziwa emazantsi omlambo okanye echibini apho amanzi eshinyene kakhulu, amnyama kwaye ayabanda kwaye akavumeli ukukhula kwealgae okanye izilwanyana.
Unobangela wokususwa kwamanzi
Ukupheliswa kwamanzi kungenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezendalo kunye nezabantu. Phantse onke amatyala okususwa kwamanzi ehlabathi abangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu. Ezi zizizathu eziphambili:
ZoLimo
Kwezolimo ziyasetyenziswa izichumisi ze nitrogen ukuchumisa izityalo. Ezi zichumisi zingena emhlabeni zize zifike emilanjeni nasemanzini aphantsi komhlaba, zibangele ukongezeleka kwezondlo emanzini kwaye zibangele ukutyeba.
Uhlobo lwe-eutrophication oluveliswe zizolimo lusasazeka ngokupheleleyo, kuba uxinzelelo lwayo lusasazeke kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye ayizizo zonke ezifanayo.
Ukufuya iinkomo
Ubulongwe bezilwanyana butyebile kwizakhamzimba, ngakumbi initrogen (i-ammonia) esetyenziswa zizityalo ukukhula. Ukuba ilindle lezilwanyana zemfuyo alilawulwa kakuhle, zinokuphela zingcolisa amanzi akufuphi.
Ngokwesiqhelo ukukhupha okanye ukungcoliseka kwamanzi kufutshane neendawo zemfuyo yenzeka ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye ayiwaphangi ngokupheleleyo amanzi.
Inkunkuma yasezidolophini
Inkunkuma yasezidolophini enokubangela ukususwa kwamanzi ibe iisepha zephosphate. I-Phosphorus yenye yezakha-mzimba eziyimfuneko kwizityalo, ke ukuba sidibanisa inani elikhulu le-phosphorus emanzini, izityalo ziya kwanda kakhulu kwaye zibangele ukutyeba.
Umsebenzi wezorhwebo
Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho nawo unokuba ngumthombo wezondlo ezinokuthi ukuvelisa imithombo ethile ye-eutrophication. Kwimeko yemizi-mveliso, zombini i-nitrogenous kunye ne-phosphate iimveliso zinokukhutshwa, phakathi kwezinye iityhefu ezininzi.
Njenge-eutrophication ebangelwa yinkunkuma yasezidolophini, igcina ixesha, ichaphazela iindawo ezithile ngamandla amakhulu xa zisenzeka.
Ungcoliseko lomoya
Ayizizo zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo zegesi enobushushu obunokubangela ukuphuma kwamanzi emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, ezo zinto zikhutshwa zii-nitrogen oxides nesalfure ezisebenza emoyeni kwaye zivelise imvula eneasidi.
I-30% ye-nitrogen efikelela elwandle yenza njalo ngendlela yomoya.
Umsebenzi wezamahlathi
Ukuba iintsalela zehlathi zishiyekile emanzini, xa zithotyiwe zanikela ngayo yonke initrogen kunye nezinye izakha-mzimba ezazinaso isityalo. Kwakhona kukubonelelwa okungaphezulu kwezakha-mzimba ezenza i-eutrophication.
Ukupheliswa kwamanzi ngamanzi yingxaki yehlabathi echaphazela yonke imithombo yamanzi amatsha. Ingxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe ngokukhawuleza, kuba ngokutshintsha kwemeko yembalela iyakwanda kwaye kufuneka sikhusele bonke oovimba bamanzi abakhoyo emhlabeni.