Izityalo zokutya Bayaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yeempawu zabo eziphambili: badla inyama. Zizityalo phantse wonke umntu afuna ukuzibona ngamanye amaxesha ebomini bakhe, kuba ayiqhelekanga into yokuba isityalo sityise enye into ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Kodwa ke, ngaxa lithile, indaleko kunye nophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo zenziwe efuna ukutya inyama. Izityalo ezidla inyama ziyifumana njani incasa yenyama?
Ijagi encinci
Ijagi yemifuno sisityalo esidla inyama. Ikhula eMzantsi Australia. Esi sityalo sinendlela ekhethekileyo yokutya. Ngenxa yevumba elimnandi lencindi yalo, itsala izinambuzane. Emva kokuba inambuzane iwele kuyo, isebenzisa imilo ethile yamagqabi ayo ukubabambisa. Izinambuzane zizama ukubaleka kaninzi-ninzi, kodwa amathuba azo ayancipha kuba, ukongeza, ii-enzymes zesisu zesityalo visabola isilwanyana kwaye siyenza buthathaka. Ezi enzymes zokwetyisa ziguqula isilwanyana sibe zizondlo eziyimfuneko esifunekayo ukuze sizondle.
Le ndlela yokondla inomdla kakhulu kwaye yahlukile kwezinye izityalo. Kodwa ngexa elingakanani bakhulisa incasa yabo yenyama? Kukho izifundo enkosi kulandelelwano lwe-genome yayo esivumela ukuba sifumanise ukuba oku kunye nezinye iintlobo zezityalo ezidlayo bakhulisa incasa yenyama.
Ingqayi yemifuno inegama layo lezenzululwazi elaziwa njenge I-Cephalotus follicularis kwaye kubonakala ngathi UCharles Darwin akazange ayifumanise kuhambo lwakhe. UDarwin waya kwindawo enye e-Australia apho esi sityalo sikhula khona kodwa akazange asibone, kuba, emsebenzini wakhe kwizityalo ezitshabalalisa izinambuzane, akazange alukhankanye oluhlobo. Oko akutsho ukuba uDarwin akazange ahlangane nezityalo ezidlayo. Ngapha koko, ichaza ezinye izityalo ezininzi ezinolu phawu lodwa.
Izondlo ezifunekayo kwezi zityalo
Ngelo xesha, uDarwin wayesele echaze oku kutya kungaqhelekanga nokungaqhelekanga kule mifuno iqhinga lokusinda kwezona ndawo zinobutshaba. Ubuye wazokuchaza ukuba ezi zityalo zifumana izondlo ngakumbi kwaye rhoqo rhoqo kwinyama yezilwanyana kunasemhlabeni ngeengcambu zazo.
Kufuneka sazi ukuba ezi zityalo, nangona zisitya inyama, zinokukwenza ngendlela yesiNtu. Izityalo ezingafunekiyo kumazwekazi amathathu zihambe ngendlela efanayo yendaleko. Izakhamzimba eziyimfuneko ukuze zisinde kwaye zifumana ntoni ziyi-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus. Le yempendulo yezityalo ezivela kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo. Oko kukuthi, ezo zityalo zijolise ekufunxeni i-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus ikakhulu, zihlala zihlala kwi-nitrogen ephantsi kunye nomhlaba ohlwempuzekileyo.
Isityalo sinobungqina bokuba ngelixa amanye amagqabi ethe tyaba kwaye enenjongo yemveli yefotosinthesisi, abanye babunjwe ukuba babumbe ijagi etsala, ibambe, igaye kwaye ifunxe izinambuzane. Oku kubini kuye kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuthelekisa ukubonakaliswa kwemfuza kwamanye amagqabi nakwamanye.
Bayifumene njani incasa yenyama
Uphando olwahlukeneyo lwenziwe ukucacisa le nyaniso. Kufunyenwe kuphando olupapashwe kwi Indalo yeNdalo kunye noVuko Isizathu soku. Kubonakala ngathi iqela leeprotein ezazingenelele ekuqaleni kwinkqubo yokhuselo yomgudu omncinci ngokuchasene neentsholongwane okanye ukujongana noxinzelelo lwesityalo, ngoku zinikezelwe ekuveliseni ii-enzymes zesisu.
Enye yee-enzymes ezisisiseko ezisebenza kolu hlobo lomsebenzi wokugaya ukutya ngu chitinase. Le enzyme inoxanduva lokophula i-chitin ye-exoskeleton yezinambuzane. Enye i-enzyme ekunceda ukuba ubambe i-phosphorus ephanga amaxhoba akho phosphatase. Njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili, le yindlela yokuphendula kwezo zityalo ezikwaziyo ukuphila kwimihlaba engenazondlo. Ixesha elingaphezulu, ezi zityalo ziphuhlise indlela yokufumana i-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus kwizinambuzane, kuba kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo azinakuphila kakuhle.