Iseli yesilwanyana

iseli lesilwanyana

Iiseli zezilwanyana ziibhloko zokwakha zezinto eziphilayo zezilwanyana. Yiseli ye-eukaryotic, kanye njengeseli yesityalo, oku kuthetha ukuba inenucleus, i-plasma membrane kunye ne-cytoplasm. Abantu abaninzi abazi kakuhle ubume be iseli lesilwanyana nomsebenzi wayo.

Ngoko ke, kweli nqaku siza kuchaza ukubaluleka kweseli yezilwanyana, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubunjwa kwayo.

Iimpawu zeseli yezilwanyana

ukubaluleka kweseli yesilwanyana

  • Ziiseli ze-eukaryotic, oko kukuthi, umxholo wazo wemfuza ufakwe kwisakhiwo se-membrane esibizwa ngokuba yi-nucleus.
  • Zineemilo eziguquguqukayo kunye nobukhulu.
  • Ngokungafaniyo neeseli zesityalo, abanazo iindonga zeseli.
  • I-organelles yayo ngamacandelo enwebu ngaphakathi kweeseli ezinemisebenzi ethile.
  • Zine-centrioles, i-centrosomes, kunye ne-lysosomes, engekho kwiiseli zezityalo.
  • Bafumana ukutya kwabo ngaphandle.

isakhiwo seseli yezilwanyana

i-microscope yombono

Iiseli zezilwanyana ngokusisiseko zenziwe ngeplasma membrane, nucleus kunye necytoplasm. Okulandelayo, siya kuchaza nganye nganye ngokweenkcukacha.

Ulwelo lwePlasma

I-plasma inwebu ngumaleko wangaphandle weseli, apho iseka uqhagamshelwano kunye nokusingqongileyo ngaphandle. Iqukethe amaphepha amabini e-lipid okanye i-lipid bilayers kunye neprotheni ye-membrane. Ezona lipids zininzi zi-phospholipids kunye ne-cholesterol.

Iiprotheyini zivumela iikhompawundi ezivela ngaphandle kweseli ukuba zingene kwiseli kwaye ngokuphambeneyo. Kukho neeproteni ze-membrane ezibizwa ngokuba yi-receptors. Baqaphela iikhompawundi ngaphandle kweseli kwaye basebenzise iimpawu ze-intracellular ezibangela iimpendulo ezithile.

Imisebenzi ye-plasma membrane ibandakanya:

  • Ulawulo lokuthuthwa kwezinto: amanzi kunye nee-ion (ezifana nesodium, ichloride, kunye nepotassium), iimolekyuli zezinto eziphilayo (ezifana neehomoni), kunye neegesi (ezifana neoksijini kunye necarbon dioxide), kunye
  • qaphela izinto zangaphandle ngokusebenzisa i-receptors ukuthumela imiqondiso kwiseli.

i-nucleus kunye ne-nucleolus

Inucleus yinxalenye yeseli egcina inkcazelo yemfuza ekwimo yedeoxyribonucleic acid okanye iDNA. Yahlulwe yinwebu yenyukliya, eyinwebu ephindwe kabini enemingxuma, okanye imingxuma yenyukliya, apho imixube ingena kwaye iphume. Ulwelo lwangaphakathi apho iikhompawundi zenyukliya zidada khona yinucleoplasm.

I-nucleus liziko lolawulo kunye nokuveliswa kweseli. I-DNA ibophelela kwiiprotheni kwaye yenza i-chromatin. Ulwazi malunga nokusebenza kweeseli luvela kwiDNA.

Kwi-nucleus kukho ummandla apho i-chromatin kunye ne-ribonucleic acid (RNA) zigxininiswe. Lo mmandla, obizwa ngokuba yi-nucleolus, usembindini wemveliso yeribosome.

Cytoplasm

I-cytoplasm yindawo efana ne-hydrogel apho uninzi lwemisebenzi yeselula lwenzeka khona.. Iqulethwe ngamanzi, iityuwa, ion kunye neeprotheni, kwaye imele malunga ne-70% yevolumu yeseli.

Kwakhona kwi-cytoplasm kukho imicu eyenza i-cytoskeleton, isakhelo esinika iseli ukumila kwayo.

organelles iseli yezilwanyana

iiseli zezilwanyana

Iiseli zezilwanyana zibonisa ii-organelles ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo ukufeza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

Ribosome

I-ribosome yenye ye-non-membrane organelles. Iqulethwe yiprotheni kunye ne-RNA kwaye yenziwe kwi-nucleolus ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus yeseli. Inamacandelo amabini okanye ii-subunits: i-subunit enkulu okanye i-60S kunye ne-subunit encinci okanye i-40S.

IiRibosomes ziifektri ezinkulu zokuvelisa iiprotheyini kwaye phakathi kwee-RNA zezithunywa ezincinci, ukudluliselwa kwe-RNAs kunye nee-amino acids zidityaniswa ukwenza amakhonkco e-polypeptide.

I-endoplasmic reticulum

I-endoplasmic reticulum yinkqubo ye-membrane yenziwe ngeengxowa kunye neevesicles ezijongene nomongo. Indawo yangaphakathi okanye esembindini ibizwa ngokuba yilumen. I-endoplasmic reticulum erhabaxa ifumana igama layo kubukho beeribosomes kumphezulu wayo ongaphandle. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukudibanisa kunye nokupakishwa kweeprotheni.

I-Membrane lipid synthesis ivela kwi-endoplasmic reticulum egudileyo. Kwiiseli ze-muscle kukho i-endoplasmic reticulum eguquguqukayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-sarcoplasmic reticulum, apho i-calcium igcinwa khona, eyimfuneko kwi-contraction ye-muscle.

Izixhobo zeGolgi

Izinto eziveliswe kwi-endoplasmic reticulum ziyahlelwa kwaye zipakishwe kwizixhobo zeGolgi. I-Vesicles esuka kwi-endoplasmic reticulum fuse kwi-cis plane ye-Golgi apparatus kwaye ifake izinto zabo ezithuthiweyo apho.

Iiprotheyini kunye ne-lipids ziguqulwa okanye "zilungisiwe" kwi-lumen yezixhobo zeGolgi, ngale ndlela zichongwa, zihlelwe kwaye zihanjiswe kwindawo eziya kuyo. Baphuma ngendlela enqamlezileyo yesixhobo se-Golgi esivalelwe kwiivesicle ezifihlakeleyo.

Mitochondria

I-Mitochondria zii-organelles ezinoxanduva lokuvelisa amandla kwiiseli zezilwanyana ukusuka kwi-glucose kunye nezinye iiamolekyu. Amandla emichiza yeeseli akwimo ye-adenosine triphosphate okanye i-ATP.

I-Mitochondria ineembumba ezimbini: i-membrane yangaphakathi kunye ne-membrane yangaphandle. I-membrane yangaphakathi igoqa ngaphakathi ukuze yenze i-mitochondrial cristae. I-Mitochondria ine-DNA yayo kunye ne-ribosomes yokwenziwa kweeprotheni ezithile. Zisenokuvela kwiibhaktheriya ezifakwe kwi-phagocytosed ngeeseli ze-eukaryotic.

centrosome

I-centrosome ngummandla weeseli zezilwanyana ezivelisa i-microtubules. Ikhona kwi-cytoplasm kufuphi ne-nucleus. I-Centrioles, efumaneka kuphela kwiiseli zezilwanyana, zenziwe apha.

I-centriole i-cylindrical in shape kwaye iqulethe i-microtubule triplets esithoba, oko kukuthi, amaqela alithoba ama-microtubules amathathu.

Lysosome

I-Lysosomes zi-vesicles okanye iingxowa ze-membrane eziveliswe kwi-apparatus ye-Golgi.. Ziyenye yeempawu ze-organelles zeeseli zezilwanyana kuba zingekho kwiiseli zezityalo. Ziqulethe iikhompawundi ezithobisa okanye zokugaya izinto ezahlukeneyo.

I-Lysosomes yi-enzymes esebenza kwiindawo ezine-acidic kunye nokudiliza iiprotheni, i-nucleic acids, i-polysaccharides, kunye ne-lipids ezingasadingeki kwiiseli. I-Lysosomes kunokuthiwa "yinkunkuma" yeeprosesa kwiiseli.

Nje ukuba i-lysosomes isebenze, iiseli zinokuphinda zisebenzise iiamino acids, iinucleotides, kunye nezinye izinto ukuze zakhe izinto ezintsha zeeseli. IiLysosomes zikwabandakanyeka ekutshabalaliseni abahlaseli, ngakumbi iiseli zamajoni omzimba, ezinoxanduva lokukhusela umzimba.

i-peroxisome

I-Peroxisomes yi-vesicles ye-membrane enye, oko kukuthi, inomaleko we-lipid enye. Igama layo libangelwa kukuveliswa koko siqhele ukukwazi njengehydrogen peroxide okanye ihydrogen peroxide.

Ezi organelles zibalulekile ekususeni i-toxins ye-intracellular kunye ne-oxidized fatty acids. I-Hepatocytes zizityebi ngokukodwa kwi-peroxisomes.

flagella kunye cilia

iflegi zizinto ezincinci ezifana nesabhokhwe ezilele ngaphandle kwenwebu yeplasma. Bavumela ukuhamba kweeseli ezithile, ezifana ne-sperm kunye ne-protozoa ethile. I-Cilia zifutshane, izakhiwo ezifana neenwele ezisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa iiseli okanye ukususa izinto ngaphandle kweeseli, njengakwimizila yomoya.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neseli yezilwanyana kunye neempawu zayo.


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