Kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya, inkunkuma eqhumayo Iziphumo zokuchithwa kwenyukliya kwiziphenduli. Ezi nkunkuma zinokuvelisa ingxaki yokungcoliseka kwendalo ngokunikwa inqanaba eliphezulu lobutyhefu kunye nexesha labo lokubola elide. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula inkunkuma eqhumayo yokunciphisa ifuthe lokusingqongileyo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nenkunkuma eqhumayo, iimpawu zayo kunye nolawulo lwendalo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Inkunkuma eqhumayo ithathwa njengayo nayiphi na into okanye imveliso yenkunkuma, ekungekho nto ibonwa kwangaphambili, equlathe okanye engcoliswe zii-radionuclides kwimixube okanye kumanqanaba omsebenzi aphezulu kunalawo amiselwe ngu-Mphathiswa Wezemveliso Namandla, emva kwengxelo entle evela kwiNyukliya. IBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Kukho iindlela ezithile zokuhlela inkunkuma eqhumayo, ngokweempawu zayo kunye nemvelaphi yayo. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi ezi ndlela:
- Imeko yomzimba. Ngenxa yemeko yomzimba, inkunkuma ihlelwa njengeqinile, engamanzi kunye negesi. Kuba inkunkuma eqhumayo iphathwa okanye ilawulwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni iqinile na, inamanzi okanye inerhasi, lo mthetho ubaluleke kakhulu.
- Uhlobo lwemitha ekhutshwayo. Iiradionuclides eziqulethwe yinkunkuma eqhumayo zinokubola ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, zikhokelela ekukhupheni kweesuntswana okanye imitha. Ukusuka kolu luvo, inkunkuma eqhumayo yehlelwa kwi-α, β kunye γ nezinto ezikhutshwayo. Kuba uhlobo ngalunye lweradiwsi lunxibelelana nomcimbi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, zibonisa ubude bokungena obahlukeneyo okanye ubude obufanayo, ukufikelela kwindawo ekhanyisiweyo, umgangatho umisela isithintelo sokukhusela, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye neemeko zokuvezwa kwemitha ngokubanzi. Kwindawo yokugcina.
- Ubomi obulicla: Kuxhomekeke kubomi besiqingatha seeradionuclide eziqulethwe yinkunkuma (okanye ixesha emva koko i-radioactivity icutheke ngesiqingatha), inokwahlulwa kwenkunkuma yexesha elifutshane nelide.
- Umsebenzi othile: le nqobo yokumisela ichaza iingxaki zokhuselo lwexesha elifutshane, kuba inqanaba lomsebenzi wenkunkuma ukhuselo ngexesha lokuphatha kunye nothutho oluqhelekileyo.
- Radiotoxicity: Radiotoxicity yipropathi yenkunkuma eqhumayo echaza ubungozi bayo kwimbono yebhayoloji.
Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqhumayo
Inkunkuma yenyukliya ingaphezulu kwama-90% e-uranium. Ke ngoko, ipetroli esetyenzisiweyo (inkunkuma) iqulethe i-90% yamafutha anokusebenziseka. Inokunyangwa ngemichiza emva koko ibekwe kwi-reactor ekhawulezayo ekhawulezileyo (engekasetyenziswa kwinqanaba elikhulu) ukumisa umjikelo wamafutha. Umjikelo wepetroli ovaliweyo uthetha inkunkuma encinci yenyukliya kunye namandla angaphezulu akhutshwe kwi-ore eluhlaza.
Ezona ntsalela zide zisebenza kwimisebe yenukliya zii-nuclides ezinokusetyenziswa njengamafutha: izinto ze-p kunye ne-sub-act series. Ukuba ezi zixhobo zitshiselwe ipetroli ngokwenza ziphinde zisetyenziswe, inkunkuma yenyukliya iya kuhlala isasazeka ngemitha kumakhulu ambalwa eminyaka endaweni yamakhulu amawaka. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu ingxaki yokugcina ixesha elide.
Ukuba konke ukusetyenziswa kombane e-United States kwabiwa ngokulinganayo kubemi bayo kwaye yonke into ivela kumandla enyukliya, isixa senkunkuma yenyukliya umntu ngamnye aya kuyenza ngonyaka ngamnye siya kuba ngama-39,5 amagremu. Ukuba sifumana wonke umbane kumalahle nakwigesi yendalo, sikhupha ngaphezulu kwe-10,000 kg yekharbon diokside ngonyaka ngomntu ngamnye.
Apho kugcinwa khona inkunkuma eqhumayo
Ukugcinwa kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma eqhumayo kuzisa ucelomngeni oluninzi. Kwaye kufuneka ufumane indlela yokunciphisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kwaye uphephe nayiphi na intlekele. Indlela esetyenzisiweyo xa Imalunga nokuphelisa inkunkuma eqhumayo kukuyingcwaba nzulu. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ayisiyonto ilula njengoko ivakalayo.
Kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma yenukliya ekumgangatho ophezulu kufuna ubunzulu obukhulu kuba ezi nkunkuma zinokuba yingozi kakhulu. Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezaziwayo zokulahla inkunkuma eqhumayo kwihlabathi jikelele. Umzekelo, abaseSweden banesibonelelo e-Oskarshamn esigcina inkunkuma yenyukliya ixesha elide ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-100.000.
I-United States yayineprojekthi eqhubekayo yeminyaka emininzi ebizwa ngokuba yi-Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository e-Nevada, kodwa ulawulo luka-Obama lwaphela ngo-2011. Okwangoku kukho ngaphezulu kweetoni ezingama-50.000, XNUMX zeetoni zepetroli isetyenziswa kuphela eMelika. Le mali iyanda kwaye uninzi luzama ukwenza iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze zikwazi ukujongana nale nkunkuma. Abanye bacinga ngokudubula yonke inkunkuma eqhumayo esithubeni, bayingcwabe emanzini anzulu, banike yonke inkunkuma kwizikhenkcezisi nazo zonke iintlobo zobume bejoloji.
Ukuphinda kwenziwe kwakhona kunye nokurisayikilisha
Njengoko unokulindela, oku kuyakuthintelwa njengoko izazinzulu zisebenzela ukusombulula ingxaki yenkunkuma ngokwenza enye into kwakhona nokuyisebenzisa kwakhona. Ukuba ezi zifundo kunye nophando zinokuphumelela, isixa senkunkuma eqhumayo singancitshiswa eziveliswa zizo zonke izityalo zamandla enyukliya ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90%.
Xa i-5% ye-uranium kwiintonga zenyukliya isabile, intonga yombane iyangcoliseka yiplutonium kunye nezinye iimveliso ezenzeka kwifission yenyukliya. Le mivalo ichithekileyo iyasebenza ukuvelisa umbane, ke kufuneka iphathwe njengenkunkuma. Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma eqhumayo ibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinokusetyenziselwa imveliso yamandla. Injongo yezi teknoloji kukuvala ngokufanelekileyo umjikelo wamafutha enyukliya.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxaki ezininzi ezinento yokwenza nokuphinda usebenze kwakhona kunye nokurisayikilisha inkunkuma yenyukliya. Phakathi kweengxaki ezibandakanya oku, eyona nto ibalulekileyo lixabiso kunye nengxoxo mpikiswano malunga nokuba ingaba ezi ndlela ziluncedo kusini na kwindalo esingqongileyo. Okwangoku kwamanye amazwe ukwenziwa ngokutsha kwenkunkuma yenyukliya akuvumelekanga.
Siyazi ukuba amandla enyukliya akavelisi ii-greenhouse gases, inkunkuma ehlala i-radioactive ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-100.000. Oku kubonisa ingxaki eyoyikekayo kubantu nakwindawo esingqongileyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nenkunkuma eqhumayo kunye neempawu zayo.