Imvelaphi yetheyibhile yeperiodic

imvelaphi yetafile ye periodic

Itheyibhile yeperiodic sisixhobo somzobo kunye nengqikelelo elungelelanisa zonke iikhemikhali ezaziwa ngumntu ngokwenani leatom yazo (oko kukuthi, inani leeprotons ezikwinucleus) kunye nezinye iimpawu zekhemikhali ezisisiseko. Abantu abaninzi abazi kakuhle imvelaphi yetafile ye periodic.

Ke ngoko, siza kukuxelela ngemvelaphi yetafile ye periodic, imbali yayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwi chemistry.

Imvelaphi yetheyibhile yeperiodic

imvelaphi yetheyibhile yeperiodic yezinto

Inguqulelo yokuqala yale modeli ingqikelelo yapapashwa eJamani ngo-1869 ngusokhemisti Russian-wazalelwa Dimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907), owafumanisa isikimu eqondwayo ukunceda ucategorise kwaye ulungelelanise kubo ngomzobo. Igama layo livela kwi-hypothesis kaMendeleev ukuba ubunzima be-atom bumisela iimpawu ze-periodic zezinto.

Uluhlu lokuqala lweziqalelo lwalungelelanisa izinto ezingama-63 ezafunyanwa ngelo xesha kwimihlathi emithandathu, ngokuqhelekileyo eyamkelwayo ize ihlonelwe ngabaphengululi bolu qeqesho. Kuthathwa njengelinge lokuqala lokucwangcisa izinto ezicetywayo ngu-Antoine Lavoisier, okanye u-André-Emile Bégueille de Champs Courtois Uphuculo oluphawulekayo phezu kweetafile zokuqala ezenziwe nguBéguyer de Chancourtois ("i-propeller yomhlaba") kwi-1862 kunye noJulius Lothar Meyer ngo-1864.

Ukongeza ekudaleni itafile periodic, Mendeleev wayisebenzisa njengesixhobo sokufumanisa ubukho obungenakuthintelwa bezinto ezingekafunyanwa, uqikelelo olwathi lwazaliseka kamva xa uninzi lwezinto ezazalisa izikhewu kwitafile yakhe zaqalisa ukufunyanwa.

Ukusukela ngoko, nangona kunjalo, itheyibhile yeperiodic iphinde yaqanjwa yaza yaphinda yaphinda yaphinda yaphindaphindwa amaxesha amaninzi, isandiswa kwiiathom ezifunyenweyo okanye zidityaniswe kamva. Mendeleev ngokwakhe wadala inguqulelo yesibini ngo 1871. Ulwakhiwo lwangoku yaqulunqwa ngusokhemisti Swiss Alfred Werner (1866-1919) ukusuka kwitheyibhile yokuqala, kunye noyilo umzobo umgangatho kubalelwa American usokhemistri Horace Groves Deming.

Inguqulelo entsha yetafile, ecetywayo nguGil Chaverri waseCosta Rica (1921-2005), ithathela ingqalelo ubume be-elektroniki bezinto kunamanani abo eproton. Ukwamkelwa kwangoku koguqulelo lwemveli, nangona kunjalo, ngokuqinisekileyo.

Imbali yetheyibhile ye periodic

itheyibhile yezinto

Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, iikhemisti zaqala ukuhlula izinto ezaziwa ngokusekwe ekufaneni kwazo kwizinto ezibonakalayo nakwimichiza. Isiphelo sezi zifundo sivelise itheyibhile yale mihla yezinto njengoko sisazi.

Phakathi konyaka we-1817 nowe-1829, usokhemisti waseJamani uJohan Dobereiner wadibanisa ezinye izinto zaba ngamaqela amathathu, abizwa ngokuba ziitriplets, kuba babelane ngeempawu zeekhemikhali ezifanayo. Umzekelo, kwi-chlorine (Cl), ibromine (Br), kunye ne-iodine (I) triplet, uqaphele ukuba ubunzima be-athomu ye-Br babusondele kakhulu kumndilili wobunzima be-Cl kunye ne-I. Ngelishwa, ayizizo zonke izinto ezihlelwe kwi kwaye iinzame zakhe zasilela ukufikelela kuhlelo lweziqalelo.

Ngowe-1863, isazi samachiza saseBritani uJohn Newlands wahlula-hlula izinto ngokwamaqela kwaye waphakamisa umthetho we-octaves, equka izakhi zokwandisa ubunzima beathom apho iimpawu ezithile ziphindaphindwa zonke izinto ezisi-8.

Ngowe-1869, usokhemisti waseRashiya uDmitri Mendeleev wapapasha itheyibhile yakhe yokuqala yeperiodikhi, edwelisa izinto ngokolandelelwano lokwandisa ubunzima beathom. Kwangaxeshanye, usokhemisti waseJamani uLothar Meyer wapapasha eyakhe itheyibhile yeperiodic, apho izinto zazicwangciswe ukusuka kokuncinci ukuya kowona bunzima beathom. UMendeleev walungisa iitafile zabo ngolungelelwaniso oluthe tye, eshiya izithuba ezingenanto apho kufuneka bongeze into engekafunyanwa. Ngaphakathi kwintlangano, uMendeleev wabona ipateni eyahlukileyo: izinto ezineekhemikhali ezifanayo zivela rhoqo (okanye ngamaxesha) ngamaxesha kwiikholomu ezithe nkqo etafileni. Emva kokufunyanwa kwegallium (Ga), scandium (Sc) kunye negermanium (Ge) phakathi ko-1874 no-1885., Uqikelelo lukaMendeleev lwaxhaswa ngokuzibeka kwezo zikhewu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba itheyibhile yakhe yeperioic ibe lihlabathi eliye lazuza ixabiso elingakumbi nokwamkelwa.

Ngo-1913, usokhemisti wase-Bhritane u-Henry Moseley wamisela intlawulo yenyukliya (inombolo ye-atomiki) yezinto ngezifundo ze-X-reyi kwaye wazihlanganisa kwakhona ukuze kunyuswe inani le-athomu njengoko silazi namhlanje.

Ngawaphi amaqela etheyibhile yeperiodic yezinto?

Kwimichiza, iqela letafile yeperiodic yintsika yezinto eziyinxalenye, ehambelana neqela lezinto zekhemikhali ezineempawu ezininzi zeathomu. Inyaniso, owona msebenzi uphambili wetheyibhile yamaxesha, eyenziwe ngusokhemisti waseRashiya uDmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907), yayiza kusebenza ngokuchanekileyo njengomzobo wokwahlula nokulungelelanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo ezinto ezaziwayo zemichiza, apho abemi bakhona ngomnye weyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo.

Amaqela amelwe kwimiqolo yetheyibhile, ngelixa imiqolo isenza amaxesha. Kukho amaqela ahlukeneyo ali-18, abalwe ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-18, nganye inenani eliguquguqukayo lezinto zekhemikhali. Iqela ngalinye lee-elekhtrons linenani elifanayo lee-electron kwiqokobhe labo lokugqibela leathom, yiyo loo nto beneempawu zekhemikhali ezifanayo, kuba iipropathi zekhemikhali zemichiza zihlobene ngokusondeleyo nee-electron ezikwiqokobhe leathom lokugqibela.

Ukubalwa kwamaqela ahlukeneyo kwitheyibhile okwangoku kusekwe yi-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) kwaye ihambelana neenombolo zesiArabhu (1, 2, 3 ... 18) ithatha indawo yendlela yendabuko yaseYurophu eyayisebenzisa amanani aseRoma oonobumba (IA, IIA, IIIA…VIIIA) kunye nendlela yaseMelika ikwasebenzisa amanani amaRoma kunye nonobumba, kodwa kulungiselelo olwahlukileyo kunendlela yaseYurophu.

  • IUPAC. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
  • Inkqubo yaseYurophu. IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA, VIIIA, VIIIA, IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB.
  • Inkqubo yaseMelika. IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, VIIIB, VIIIB, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA.

Ngale ndlela, into nganye evela kwitheyibhile yeperiodic isoloko ihambelana neqela elithile kunye nexesha, ebonisa indlela inzululwazi yabantu ephuhla ngayo ukucalula izinto.

Njengoko ubona, itheyibhile yeperiodic ibe yinkqubela phambili enkulu kwikhemistri kuyo yonke imbali nanamhlanje. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemvelaphi yetafile ye periodic kunye neempawu zayo.


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