Njengoko sisazi, eSpain sinomxube wamandla ukuhlangabezana neemfuno kwilizwe liphela. Inkqubo ye- imithombo yamandla eSpain Inemvelaphi eyahlukeneyo kwaye yahlulahlulwe yaba yimithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo nengahlaziyekiyo. Ngamandla aphambili esiwaqondayo apha kuba iqulethwe kumthombo ovela kuwo kwaye amandla okugqibela yile asetyenziswa kwindawo oya kuyo.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nemithombo yamandla eSpain kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo okwahlukileyo.
Imithombo yamandla eSpain
Kude kube ngoku, ioyile ngowona mthombo uphambili wamandla aphambili angahlaziywanga eSpain. Kwaye ioyile isetyenziselwa ukwanelisa iipesenti ezingama-42 yazo zonke iimfuno elizweni. Kule mithombo ilandelayo yamandla ahlaziyekayo sifumana igesi yendalo, amandla enyukliya kunye namalahle. Amanye amandla abonelelwa ngamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ukutyhubela imbali yakutshanje, bekunokwenzeka ukuba kubonwe, ukusuka kwintlekele yoqoqosho echaphazele iSpain ikakhulu phakathi kuka-2008 no-2014, ukwehla kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kubonisiwe.
Iimveliso zePetroleum
Siza kubona ukuba imithombo yamandla ephambili eSpain ilungiselelwe njani kwaye isebenza njani ngokubhekisele kwiimveliso zepetroleum. Ngenkqubo yokucoca ioyile ezi mveliso zilandelayo ziyafumaneka: i-petroleum gas (LPG), i-naphtha, i-petroli, i-ethylene, i-propylene, i-kerosene, i-diesel, i-oyile, i-pitch, i-coke kunye ne-oyile yokuthambisa.
I-LPG (butane kunye nepropane) yinto yokuqala ekhutshwe kwi-petroleum ngokucoca i-distillation. Zisetyenziselwa ukubasa, amanzi ashushu kunye nobushushu. I-Naphtha lelona candelo liphambili kwiimveliso ezininzi ezifana nepetroli kunye nezinyibilikisi, kwaye ikwayinto eluhlaza ye-ethylene kunye nepropylene. Ipetroli isetyenziswa njengamafutha ezimoto.
I-Ethylene kunye nepropylene zii-hydrocarbon ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iiplastikhi, i-resins, i-solvents, i-ketone kunye nezinye izinto. I-Kerosene sisixhobo esisetyenziswa njenge-fuel fuel and, emva kokuqhubekeka kokuqhubekeka, sisetyenziswa njenge-solvent okanye i-fuel fuel. Idizili ihlanjululwa ngeenkqubo ezininzi kwaye isetyenziswa kwi iimoto, oomatshini bezolimo nabokuloba, amaphenyane kunye nezithuthi ezigunyazisiweyo nakwizinto zokubilisa zokufudumeza, phakathi kwabanye. Kwelinye icala, sikwanayo neoyile yeoyile, eyinto enzima kakhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo njengombane wefektri.
Okokugqibela, kwiimveliso zepetroleum ezisetyenziswa kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla eSpain sine-asphalt. Imalunga ne- izinto zokwakha ezisetyenziselwa iindlela, iindlela kunye neesekethe. Zikwasetyenziswa njengezinto zokungenisa amanzi eluphahleni nakwimigangatho.
Imithombo yamandla engavuselelekiyo eSpain
Siyaqhubeka nokudwelisa imithombo yamandla engavuseleleki eSpain eyona mvelaphi iphambili kwiimveliso zepetroleum. ISpain inemveliso yokuhanjiswa kwepetroleum eyenza uphawu lwehlabathi. ICompañía Logística de Hidrocarburos (CLH) idibanisa izinto ezisulungekisayo ezisibhozo usingasiqithi ovelisa iimveliso zepetroleum ezingamanzi kuthungelwano lwazo ngeekhilomitha ezingama-4.020 zemibhobho yeoyile, Iindawo zokugcina ezingama-40 kunye nezibonelelo ezingama-28 zesikhululo seenqwelomoya. Umbhobho ophindwe kabini ophethwe yiRapsol uqhagamshela iindawo zokucoca eCagagena nasePuertollano.
Uthungelwano lwezixhobo ze-Enagás lwenza ukuba kusetyenziswe igesi yendalo kwindalo iphela. Inezinto ezisixhenxe zokulungiswa kwakhona kwe-LNG, ezine zokugcina iimpahla phantsi komhlaba, izikhululo zoxinzelelo ze-19, i-11.000 km yomnatha wepayipi wendalo kunye nonxibelelwano lwamazwe amathandathu avumela ukungeniswa kunye nokuthunyelwa kweli lizwe. Kukwakho nonxibelelwano oluvela usingasiqithi kunye neBalearic Islands.
Utshintsho lwakutshanje ekusebenziseni lubonakalisa imeko yezoqoqosho echaphazele ilizwe lethu ukusukela ngo-2008 ukuya ku-2014. Ngo-6,3, njengokunyuka kokutya, imeko itshintshile.
Kuzo zonke iimveliso zepetroleum, iparafini yeyona inciphise ukusetyenziswa kancinci, kuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje iSpain iye yafumana ithuba lokukhula kukhenketho lwangaphandle kwaye ezona ndlela ziphambili zothutho zezothutho lomoya.
Ingxaki yonikezelo kwicandelo lokwakha kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu ibe nefuthe kwimveliso yetela. Irhasi yepetroleum engamanzi (butane kunye nepropane) iyaqhubeka nokusetyenziswa ngamakhaya okanye ukufudumeza kwiindawo apho igesi yendalo ingafikeleli khona.
Amandla ombane waseSpain
Icandelo lemveliso yombane eSpain lichazwa njengokumiliselwa kwezityalo kwindawo yalo kunye nokwahluka kwemithombo yemveliso ngenxa yokungeniswa kwerhasi yendalo kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo njengezixhobo eziphambili ukusukela ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane.
Isityalo se-hydroelectric sikwizitya zemilambo emikhulu yaseSpain. Ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kukwayinxalenye yokwakha izityalo zamandla ashushu kunye nezityalo zamandla enyukliya. Izityalo zokuqala zamalahle zazibekwe kwizitya zamalahle ezisentshona peninsular nakwiphondo laseTeruel, kamva zafakwa elunxwemeni. Ioyile ye-Fuel idlale indima ecwangcisiweyo kwaye inyamalale usingasiqithi, kodwa ngumthombo ophambili wokubonelela ngeCeuta, Melilla kunye neBalearic Islands.
Ukufumaneka kothungelwano olubanzi lwemibhobho yegesi kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezityalo ezijikelezayo ezidibeneyo kwi-Ebro Valley.Izixhobo zamandla enyukliya zifakiwe kwiindawo ezikufutshane namaziko amakhulu okusetyenziswa. Ngale ndlela, ukuthuthwa kwamandla kuncinci.
Ubume bokuveliswa kombane minyaka le kumandla ahlaziyekayo ahlala eyahluka kuba ichaphazeleka ngamanzi nomoya. Injalo imeko ngo-2015: amandla omoya (51,4%), amandla e-hydraulic (29,7%), amandla elanga e-photovoltaic (8,4%), amandla elanga ashushu (5,5%) kunye neminye imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo (5%). I-Red Eléctrica de España isasaza imveliso yezityalo ezikhulu zamandla eSpain kwimimandla esetyenziswa ngothungelwano lweenqwelo moya ezigubungela iSpain yonke ngobude beekhilomitha ezingama-43.660.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemithombo yamandla eSpain kunye neempawu zazo.