Ngokuqinisekileyo wakhe wayiva ingcinga ka imithetho ye-thermodynamics. Kwakhona kwaziwa ngokuba yimigaqo ye-thermodynamics. Oku kubhekisa kwezona fomathi zisisiseko zeli sebe le-physics. Ingathi ngutata wethu ngokwemiqathango yesiseko sayo yonke into. Ziseti yeefomula zeemeko ezinoxanduva lokuchaza indlela ekuthiwa ziinkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkqubo ze-thermodynamic. Ezi nkqubo ziyinxalenye yendalo iphela eyahlukaniswe ngendlela yethiyori ukuze ikwazi ukwenza izifundo kwaye iqonde yonke into echaphazela i-physics esisiseko njengobushushu, amandla kunye ne-entropy.
Kule nqaku siza kuchaza yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nemithetho ye-thermodynamics.
Imithetho ye-thermodynamics
Kukho imithetho emi-4 ye-thermodynamics kwaye idweliswe ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwi-XNUMX, le mithetho isebenza ukuqonda yonke imithetho yendalo iphela kunye nokungenzeki kweziganeko ezithile ezibonwayo kwihlabathi lethu.
Le mithetho yahlukile okanye inemvelaphi. Ezinye zaqulunqwa kwangaphambili. Umthetho wokugqibela owaziwayo we-thermodynamics ngumthetho ongunothi. Le mithetho isigxina kuzo zonke izifundo kunye nophando olwenziwa kwiilebhu. Zibalulekile ukuqonda indlela indalo yethu esebenza ngayo. Siza kuchaza nganye nganye ukuba yeyiphi na imithetho ye-thermodynamics.
Umthetho wokuqala weThermodynamics
Lo mthetho uthi Amandla awunakwenziwa okanye atshatyalaliswe, kuphela kuguqulwe. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ngumthetho wolondolozo lwamandla. Ibonakalisa ukuba kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo ebonakalayo evela kwindalo esingqongileyo, amandla kuwo onke amanani ayo aya kuhlala efanayo. Nangona amandla enokuguqulwa ngandlela thile kwezinye iindidi zamandla, iyonke la mandla ihlala ifana.
Siza kwenza umzekelo ukuze siyiqonde ngcono. Ukulandela lo mthetho-siseko, ukuba sinikezela inani elinikiweyo lamandla ngohlobo lobushushu kwinkqubo ebonakalayo, inani lilonke lamandla linokubalwa ngokufumana umahluko phakathi kokunyuka kwamandla alo angaphakathi kunye nomsebenzi owenziwe yinkqubo kuwo indawo engqongileyo. Ngamanye amagama, umahluko phakathi kwamandla anale nkqubo ngalo mzuzu kunye nomsebenzi owenzileyo iya kuba ngamandla obushushu akhutshiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, Ukuba sidibanisa onke amandla enkqubo, nokuba inxenye yawo itshintshiwe njengobushushu, isimbuku samandla enkqubo siyafana.
Umthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics
Lo mthetho uthi oku kulandelayo: inikwe ixesha elaneleyo, zonke iinkqubo ziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zingabinakulungelelana. Lo mgaqo ukwaziwa ngegama lomthetho we-entropy. Ingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Inani le-entropy ekhoyo kwindalo iphela inyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha. I-entropy yenkqubo yeyiphi imilinganiselo yenqanaba lokuphazamiseka. Oko kukuthi, umthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics usixelela ukuba inqanaba lokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo liyonyuka nje ukuba bafikelele kwinqanaba lokulingana. Oku okanye kuthetha ukuba ukuba sinika ixesha elaneleyo kwinkqubo, ekugqibeleni iya kuba nokungalingani.
Lo ngumthetho onoxanduva lokuchaza ukungaguquguquki kwezinye iziganeko zomzimba. Umzekelo, Isinceda ukuba sichaze ukuba kutheni iphepha litshisile iphepha alinakubuyela kwimeko yalo yoqobo. Kule nkqubo yaziwa njengephepha kunye nomlilo, ukuphazamiseka kuye kwanda kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ubuyele kwimvelaphi yayo. Lo mthetho wazisa umsebenzi we-entropy state, othi kwimeko yeenkqubo zomzimba uxanduva lokumela inqanaba lokuphazamiseka kunye nelahleko yokuphepheka kwamandla.
Konke oku kusebenza nge-entropy, ngokudibanisa inqanaba lamandla elingenakusetyenziswa yinkqubo kwaye ke ilahlekile kwindalo esingqongileyo. Oku kuyenzeka ukuba lutshintsho kwimeko yokulingana. Iqondo lokugqibela lokulingana liya kuba ne-entropy engaphezulu kuneyokuqala. Lo mthetho uthi utshintsho kwi-entropy luya kuhlala lilingana okanye lukhulu kunokudlulisa ubushushu okwahlulwe bubushushu benkqubo. Ubushushu kulo mzekelo bubalulekile umahluko ekuchazeni ukungena kwenkqubo.
Ukuqonda umgaqo wesibini we-thermodynamics siza kunika umzekelo. Ukuba sitshisa umba othile wento kwaye sibeka ibhola kunye nothuthu olukhokelela, sinokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ingaphantsi kunakwimeko yokuqala. Kungenxa yokuba umbandela ujike waba ziigesi ezingenakufunyanwa kwaye zikhokelele ekusasazeni nakwingxaki. Le yindlela esibona ngayo ukuba kwimeko enye ubuncinci be-entropy kunakwimeko yesibini.
Umthetho wesithathu we-thermodynamics
Lo mthetho uthi oku kulandelayo: xa ufikelela zero zero ngokupheleleyo iinkqubo zeenkqubo zomzimba ziyeke. I-zero engagungqiyo bubushushu obusezantsi kunokubakho. Kule meko, silinganisa amaqondo obushushu kwiidigri uKelvin. Ngale ndlela, kuyachazwa ukuba iqondo lobushushu kunye nokupholisa kubangela ukuba i-entropy yenkqubo ithathelwe kwi-zero ngokupheleleyo. Kule meko iphathwa ngakumbi njengesiqhelo esiqinisekileyo. Xa kufikelelwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-zero, iinkqubo zeenkqubo ezibonakalayo ziyayeka. Ke ngoko, ukungena ngaphakathi kuya kuba nexabiso elincinci kodwa elihlala lihleli.
Ukufikelela kwi-zero ngokupheleleyo okanye akukho lula. Ixabiso le-zero ngokupheleleyo kwiidigri ze-kelvin alikho kodwa ukuba siyalisebenzisa kumlinganiso weqondo lobushushu beCelsius ngu -273.15 iidigri.
Umthetho we-Zero we-thermodynamics
Lo mthetho wagqibela ukuqhuba kwaye ufundeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukuba A = C kunye B = C, ke A = B. Oku kuseka imigaqo esisiseko kunye esisiseko yeminye imithetho emithathu ye-thermodynamics. Nguye ocinga ukuba igama lomthetho libhalansi ye-thermal. Oko kukuthi, ukuba iinkqubo zikulungelelwaniso lwe-thermal ngokuzimeleyo kunye nezinye iinkqubo, kufuneka zikwimo yokulingana komzimba kunye nenye. Lo mthetho wenza ukuba kube nakho ukuseka umgaqo wobushushu. Lo mgaqo usebenza ukuthelekisa amandla obushushu emizimba emibini eyahlukeneyo efumaneka kulingano lwe-thermal kunye nomnye. Ukuba la mzimba mabini anokulingana kobushushu, akuyi kuba yimfuneko kubushushu obufanayo. Ukuba, kwelinye icala, bobabini bayatshintsha ibhalansi ye-thermal ngenkqubo yesithathu, baya kuba kunye nabanye.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemithetho ye-thermodynamics.
Molo ulungile, ndingazi njani ngakumbi malunga nesihloko? Enkosi, ukubulisa.