Xa sihlalutya izinto zetheyibhile yamaxesha, uninzi lwazo zihlala zisezantsi kwaye zaziwa ngegama lika imihlaba enqabileyo. Itholakala phantsi kwetafile yexesha kwaye ngaphandle kwabo ubomi bethu abuyi kufana njengoko siyazi. Ndiyabulela kula mhlaba unqabileyo, uninzi lwezixhobo zobuchwephesha obuphezulu ezinje ngeefowuni eziphathwayo, iikhompyuter, njl.
Ke ngoko, siza kulinikela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nomhlaba onqabileyo kunye neempawu zawo.
Athini la mazwe anqabileyo
Njengoko besesitshilo, ezi zizinyithi ezingafane zinqabile njengoko igama lisitsho, kodwa kunzima ukuzikhupha. Kwaye kunjalo ngokubanzi musa ukuqokelela kwizimbiwa. Ukuba sidibanisa oku kunqabile kwesinyithi kunye neemfuno kwizicelo zobuchwephesha, kukho iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko ezenza umhlaba onqabileyo unomdla kakhulu.
Kuluhlu lwezinto zeekhemikhali ezifumaneka kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye zibalulekile kubuchwepheshe obuninzi esinabo namhlanje. Umzekelo, uninzi lwezinto ze-elektroniki zabathengi, iikhompyuter kunye nothungelwano, unxibelelwano, amandla acocekileyo, ukhathalelo lwezonyango, ukunciphisa indalo, ukhuselo lwesizwe, uthutho oluphambili, phakathi kwabanye basebenzisa umhlaba onqabileyo.
Kwaye badume kakhulu Enkosi ngemagneti, ukukhanya kunye neepropathi zombane. Ezi zizinto ezizodwa kwaye zonke ezi zinto zinceda uninzi lweetekhnoloji ukuba zisebenze kungekuphela nje ngokufanelekileyo kodwa nangobunzima obuncitshisiweyo. Kananjalo sinokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngale ndlela, sifika kwitekhnoloji yangoku ngokusebenza ngokukuko, ukusebenza, isantya, ukuzinza kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Iimveliso ezinetekhnoloji yomhlaba enqabileyo zinceda ukuqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngelixa kugcinwa imigangatho ephezulu yokuphila kunye nokusindisa ubomi.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Masibone umhlaba onqabileyo kunye neempawu zawo Siyazi ukuba ngokobuninzi bomhlaba azinqabile. Nangona kunjalo, iipropathi zayo ezahlukileyo zibangelwe bubume beatom. Banobumbeko lwee-elektronon ezenza zahluke kwezinye izinto kwitheyibhile yamaxesha. Ngelixa wonke umhlaba onqabileyo wabelana ngezinye zeepropathi ezibalulekileyo, ezinye zichaphazela ngakumbi izinto ezithile. Ngenxa yokufana kweekhemikhali, ziyavela ecaleni kwezimbiwa kunye namatye kwaye kunzima ukwahlula omnye komnye. Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukuhambelana kwemichiza.
Umhlaba onqabileyo Baye baba ngumbulelo odume kakhulu kwinani elikhulu lezinto ezibonakalayo abazinikwayo ngenxa yemichiza yabo. Zijolise kwizinto ezithile, ke umceli mngeni wokuba nako ukwahlula kufuneka woyiswe.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemihlaba enqabileyo ngokweempawu zazo zeekhemikhali, ngaphandle kwesakhiwo seathom. Ubungakanani ikwayinto yokwahlulahlula. Ubungakanani be-athomu ye-lanthanides buyancipha ngenani le-athomu elandayo Oku kubangela ukuba umhlaba onqabileyo olula ukwahlulwa kwimihlaba enqabileyo enobunzima. Kwaye bobabini baveliswa kwizimbiwa ezahlukeneyo.
Umzekelo, ukuba sikhankanya i-lutetium, sibona ukuba inokuthi ithathe indawo ngokulula ngakumbi ngamanye amacandelo kwezimbiwa apho iindawo ezikhoyo zincinci kakhulu. Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zihlala zingaqhelekanga kwaye zizinzile. Phakathi kwee-oxide sifumana ezona zizinzileyo. Uninzi lwee-lanthanides zinesimo esithandekayo.
Ukuhlelwa komhlaba ngokungaqhelekanga
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukileyo ezahlulwe ngumhlaba ezinqabileyo. Eyokuqala ziilanthanoid ezichazwe njengemhlaba yokukhanya enqabileyo. Makhe sibone ukuba zintoni:
- ilanthanum
- cerium
- kwiindidi
- neodymium
- ukuthengisa
- Samarium
Kwelinye icala sinemihlaba enzima enqabileyo elandelayo:
- europium
- Yininzi
- terbium
- Dysprosium
- holmium
- erbium
- thulium
- yyibhabhi
- ilutetium
Into ekuphela kwayo engafumanekiyo kuluhlu lonke ngokwendalo yi-promethium. Siyazi ukuba zonke iisotop zayo zinemitha ye-radioactive, ke inokwenziwa kuphela kwii-reactor zenyukliya. Ayinakufumaneka ngokwendalo emhlabeni.
Ziziphi iilanthanides
Ngokuqinisekileyo xa ufundile itheyibhile yamaxesha ekunike umdla wokwazi malunga neelanthanides. Imalunga ne izinto eziqhelekileyo kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye zithande ukuba nzima kakhulu ukuzikhupha. Akunzima nje ukukhupha, kodwa kubungakanani obunokusetyenziswa. Zihlala zikhazimla kwaye zihlala zesilivere ngombala. Nje ukuba babonakaliswe kwioksijini, banombala wesilivere. Ziye zibonakaliswe ngokusebenza kakhulu kwaye, nangona zingadubuli, zinokukhawuleza ukuba nenkungu ebenza ukuba babe nongcoliseko oluvela kwezinye izinto.
Sabemos ukuba ayizizo zonke i-lanthanides ezinenkungu ephezulu. Umzekelo, i-lutetium kunye ne-gadolinium inokuvezwa emoyeni ixesha elide ngaphandle kokudyobha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinezinye izinto ze-lanthanide ezifana ne-lanthanum, neodymium kunye ne-europium esebenzayo kakhulu kwaye kufuneka igcinwe kwi-oyile yamaminerali ukunqanda ukungqubana.
Onke amalungu eqela le-lanthanide ane-texture egudileyo. Uninzi lwazo lunokunqunyulwa ngokulula ngemela kwaye aludingi zixhobo zinzima ukunyanga. Izinto ezithathwa njengomhlaba onqabileyo aziqwalaselwa ngale ndlela kuba kunzima ukuzifumana. Baqwalaselwe nje ngaloo ndlela ukusukela Kunzima ukukhupha izixa ezaneleyo kwifom emsulwa ukuze bakwazi ukwanelisa iimfuno zomzi mveliso nganye. Ngaphandle kokubanakho ukuba kubungakanani obuyimfuneko ukuvelisa iimveliso zetekhnoloji, azisayi kuba luncedo.
La mazwe anobungozi bokwenyani kwimarike yokuba yimveliso ephambili. Siyazi ukuba i-China ineyona ndawo inqabileyo yolondolozo lomhlaba kwaye iyayisebenzisa. Banxulumene kakhulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba, kodwa ubuninzi obufumanekayo okanye obunqabileyo buninzi kunezinye iiminerali. Oku kwenza ukuba ukukhutshwa kwakho kuxabiseke ngakumbi. Ibango lehlabathi lomhlaba onqabileyo kulindeleke ukuba lonyuse umbulelo ngokusetyenziswa kwiimoto, kubathengi i-elektroniki, umbane osebenza ngamandla, kunye nezinto zokunceda.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomhlaba onqabileyo kunye neempawu zawo.