Los ixhaphozi bayindawo ethe tyaba, engakhutshelwanga kakuhle amanzi asisigxina okanye okwexeshana, angekho nzulu, agqunywe zizityalo. Iingqimba zamanzi zenziwe zizikhukula ezibangelwa yimvula, izikhukhula ngenxa yokuphuphuma komlambo okanye ichibi, okanye ngokusebenza kwamaza. Ukuba imigxobhozo yamanzi acwengileyo ziindawo zamanzi anetyuwa elunxwemeni, zibizwa ngokuba zii-bogs okanye amachweba kunye nemigxobhozo. Ezi zinto eziphilayo zibhekwa njengemigxobhozo, yingakho zifakwe kwi-RAMSAR protocol ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo kumjikelo wamanzi.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga nemigxobhozo, iimpawu zabo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Uncedo kunye ne-hydrology
Iibhogi zenzeka kwiindawo eziphantsi, ezithe tyaba, okanye ezicinezelekileyo ezinemijelo emdaka kunye oluphawulwa kubukho bamanzi angekho nzulu kunye nezityalo ezininzi. Lo maleko wamanzi unokubakho ngokusisigxina okanye ixesha elide.
Amanzi aphuma ekuphuphumeni (isikhukula) okanye imvula yomlambo okanye ichibi, kudityaniswe nomhlaba ongakhutshelwanga kakuhle kunye nokungena okuncinci (i-ponding).
Amanzi
Ngenxa yobunzulu obungenzulwanga bamanzi alo mgxobhozo, umgxobhozo wasemanzini utyebile kwizityalo kunye neoksijini enyibilikisiweyo encinci. Ukongezelela, umxholo ophezulu wee-organic compounds kwi-suspension kunye ne-dissolved organic acids emanzini yenza i-pH i-acidic.
Umgangatho
Njengoko imihlaba ephantsi kwezikhukhula ezisisigxina okanye ezikufutshane-ezisisigxina, i-anoxic (ingenayo i-oksijini ecocekileyo), yenza ukutshintshiselana kwegesi kube nzima. Ubume bomhlaba bukwachatshazelwa kukubola kwamasuntswana, ekubeni ukufuma kwenza kube nzima ukuqinisa isamente.
Le mihlaba ifumana iinkqubo zokucutha ezifana ne-denitrification (ukuguqulwa kwenitrate ibe yinitrogen). Ngokuqhelekileyo yimihlaba enzima, oko kukuthi, kunye nodongwe oluninzi kwi-texture. Uluhlu lomhlaba we-calcareous oluhlaza-greyish luvezwa, imveliso yobukho bentsimbi ye-ferrous ngenxa yenkqubo yokunciphisa.
nja-
Ukubola kwenxalenye yezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka ngenxa yamanzi amaninzi, i-acidic pH, kunye nesenzo sebhaktheriya. Inkqubo evelisa ilahleko ye-hydrogen kwaye, phantsi kwezi meko, ukubunjwa kwe-carbonaceous substance ebizwa ngokuba yi-peat.
Iinkqubo zeMicrobial
Indibaniselwano yemimandla ye-aerobic (eneoksijini yasimahla) kunye nezinye iindawo ze-anaerobic (ngaphandle kweoksijini) kubangela uphuhliso lweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Kwi-swamp, umsebenzi we-decomposers uye wanda.
Kule mimandla kukho iinkqubo zokuvelisa i-sulfides ngokunciphisa i-sulfates kwiimeko ezilungileyo zokukhanya. Ngelixa kwiindawo ezine-anaerobic kunye nomthunzi, iibhaktheriya ze-methanogenic zivelisa i-methane (i-methanogenesis).
sezulu
Imozulu iyatshintsha kakhulu ekubeni imigxobhozo ifumaneka kwiindawo ezitshisayo nakwimimandla epholileyo nebandayo.
iintlobo zemigxobhozo
Le migxobhozo ihlelwa ngokwemigaqo eyahlukahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeka kubutyuwa bamanzi ayimilayo okanye uhlaza olukuyo.
umgxobhozo wamanzi anetyuwa
Ihambelana nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yimigxobhozo, imigxobhozo eselunxwemeni edla ngokunxulunyaniswa namachweba. Le migxobhozo yenziwa yimilambo ephuphumayo kwiindawo ezixineneyo kufuphi namachweba.
Zenzeka kumhlaba onesanti kodwa ukhukuliswe ngamanzi aphakamileyo (amanzi aphantsi komhlaba anikezelwa yimilambo ekufutshane). Uhlaza oluvelayo ngumgxobhozo wengca, olawulwa yimithanjana, imisele, nengca, ukongezelela kubulembu nezinye izityalo zasemanzini.
umgxobhozo wamanzi amatsha
Olu hlobo lomgxobhozo lwenzeka kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba ngenxa yezikhukula ezibangelwa ngamanzi emvula okanye ukuphuphuma kwamanzi. Umhlaba udla ngokuba nodongwe kwaye uhlaza lunokuba nzima ngakumbi, lube nemithi, amatyholo kunye nemifuno.
Flora
Iindidi zezityalo ezihlala kwimigxobhozo kufuneka zihambelane nobukho obungapheliyo bamanzi. Kwimeko yaloo magxobhozo anebrackish, into ethintelayo yetyuwa iyongezwa.
Umgxobhozo we-ecosystem awufani, kunye neendawo ezininzi zomhlaba ezivelayo ezitshintshana neendawo ezinkulu ezikhukulayo. Oku kugqiba ukusasazwa kweentlobo ngokusekelwe kumandla azo okumelana nezantyalantyala zemvula. (ukugqithisa kwamanzi).
Ngale ndlela, zinokufumaneka kwiintlobo zasemanzini ezintywilayo, ezineengcambu kunye nezidadayo, kunye nezinye iintlobo zasemanzini ezingaxhathisi izikhukhula ixesha elide.
Amayeza kunye namatyholo
Phakathi kweengca ezimila emazantsi eendawo ezikhukulayo ziingcongolo (Azalea). Kwaye ezo zidadayo yibora (Eichhornia spp.) kunye neenyibiba zamanzi ezahlukeneyo. Iihalophyte zixhaphake kwiindawo ezinomgxobhozo, oko kukuthi, kumazwe anyamezelayo kwityuwa. Ezi ziquka ukugqoka isaladi (i-Sporobolus virginicus) kunye ne-beet yetyuwa (Limonium vulgare).
Ezinye iihalophytes yiAtriplex (ebizwa ngokuba ziihalophytes) kunye ne wiregrass (Spartina spp.). Ukongezelela, i<em>catails namatyholo, njenge<em>swamp rozi ( Rosa palustris ) ekuMntla Merika, zifumaneka kwimimandla emininzi engumgxobhozo ehlabathini lonke.
Imithi
Indawo yetropiki
Kwimigxobhozo enemithi, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo ezinokumelana nezikhukula ezisisigxina. Ezi ziquka i-chestnut yaseGuiana (Pachira waterica), umthi ongange 18 m ubude ombewu yawo iyatyiwa.
Ezinye iintlobo zemithi yesundu njenge labón okanye palo cruz ( Tabebuia nodosa ), i curupí ( Sapium haematospermum ) kunye ne pindó ( Syagrus romanzoffiana ).
Umgangatho wobushushu
Nakwimimandla epholileyo kukho imigxobhozo yeconifers, umgxobhozo wemisipres (Taxodium distichum), imigxobhozo efana neLouisiana (eUSA). Kwakhona uhlobo lwe-Quercus, i-American bog oak okanye i-bog oak (Quercus palustris).
Ngokunjalo, isityalo sasemanzini se-tupelo (i-Nyssa Aquatica) yi-angiosperm efumaneka kwimimandla engumgxobhozo kumzantsi-mpuma we-United States.
izilwanyana
Indawo yetropiki
Iintaka ezifana ne-capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), ixhama elingumgxobhozo (Hippocamelus antisensis) kunye nookhwalimanzi (Jabiru mycteria) bahlala kwimigxobhozo yeleenjiko. Kukwakho nezinye iingwenya (Caiman crocodilus, Caiman yacare. Crocodylus moreletii) kunye neepython (Eunectes murinus).
Umgangatho wobushushu
emigxobhozweni I-subtropical okanye epholileyo zizirhubuluzi ezinkulu ezifana ne-Mississippiensis alligators kunye neengwenya. Kukwakho nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezifana neCanadian otter (Lontra canadensis), kunye neentaka ezifana neflamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber).
Ukugcina impilo yazo zonke ezi nkqubo zokuphilisana kwendalo kubaluleke kakhulu ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukulahleka kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nobukho bemithombo yendalo ebalulekileyo ebantwini. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni imigxobhozo kunye neempawu zayo.