I-oyile ngumthombo wendalo oshukumise umhlaba ukusukela oko wafunyanwa. Iyenzile oko ukusukela nge-1800, embindini wohlaziyo lweshishini. Logama nje kukho iitekhnoloji ezifuna ubukho bazo, iya kuhlala isetyenziswa ixesha elide. Kukho obunye ubuchwephesha obunjengamandla ahlaziyekayo, kodwa abanako ukukhuphisana neoyile. Baninzi abantu abangaziyo ikhutshwa njani i-oyile kwaye zithini iziphumo zayo. Lelinye lawona mafutha angcolisayo kwimbali yonke. Azisetyenziselwa kuphela ukutshiswa kweinjini zizithuthi zothutho, kodwa zokwenza izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Ihlabathi kucingelwa ukuba lisebenzisa i-88 yezigidi zeerandi zemihla ngemihla, ezilingana ne-14 yeebhiliyoni zeelitha.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba i-oyile ikhutshwa njani, zithini iimpawu zayo kwaye ziziphi iziphumo zoku.
Ifunyanwa njani i-oyile
Ioyile ngumxube wolwelo onokutsha wehydrocarbons kunye nezinye izinto ezihlanganisiweyo, ezikhoyo kuphela kubume bejoloji kwizigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka ngaphantsi komhlaba. Sisiphumo seefosili zezinto eziphilayo ezinjenge-zooplankton kunye ne-algae., ezazibekwe emazantsi olwandle okanye kumachibi ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye zagcinwa njengeefosili. Ngenxa yobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, baye bafumana iinkqubo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali kwizigidi zeminyaka. Kwezinye iindawo apho iliwa lingena khona, linyuka lize ngaphezulu, kodwa lihlala libambeke ngaphantsi komhlaba kwicandelo leoyile.
Ioyile ibisetyenziswa kudala, kodwa I-distillation yokuqala yayikukwenza i-kerosene. Yenziwe nguScotsman uJames Young ngo-1840. Ngokukodwa yaqala ukusetyenziswa njengombane wokutsha. Ukusuka koku, kwaqala ukuvela izixhobo zeshishini. NguEdwin Drake owagalela iqula lokuqala leoyile ePennsylvania ngo-1859.
Zininzi iindlela zokufumanisa iindawo zeoyile, ngakumbi ngokufunda i-geology yendawo. Izazi ngokuma komhlaba ziingcali ezifunda ubume bangaphakathi bomhlaba kwaye zinokugweba ukuba ingaba indawo ethile ikulungele na ukwakheka kweoyile ngokujonga umphezulu womhlaba. Ke ngoko, ukwazi ukuba loluphi uhlobo lokwakheka kwamatye olunokwenzeka ukukhangela ioyile, kwenziwa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo, ezinokubandakanya ukuqhushumba komhlaba, emva koko kufundwe amaza enyikima aqhushumbe, eza kusenza sazi ukuba yintoni kanye kanye .
Ngale ndlela, umthombo weoyile uyenziwa. Umthombo wenziwa ngokugrumba umngxunya omde kulwakhiwo lwejoloji kwicandelo leoyile. Kwiqula eligrunjwe ngumatshini okhethekileyo, kubekwe umbhobho wentsimbi onika ingqibelelo yolwakhiwo equleni. Phezulu koomatshini kubekwe uthotho lwezivalo, ezibizwa ngokuba yimithi yeKrisimesi kwaye zinoxanduva lokulawula uxinzelelo kunye nokulawula ukuhamba kweoyile.
Iimpawu zendawo yokutsala
Kukho uxinzelelo olwaneleyo kwindawo yokutsala. Nje ukuba imingxunya igqojozwe, ioyile iya kunyuka yodwa. Nangona kunjalo, okoko nje kukho uxinzelelo oku kuyaqhubeka ukwenzeka kwaye, njengoko oovimba bengenanto, uxinzelelo luqala ukwehla. Ke ngoko, isigaba sesibini siqala, esithi inyanzela ioyile ukuba iphume kwaye itofe uxinzelelo ngakumbi echibini. Oku kwenziwa ngokufaka inaliti yamanzi, umoya, icarbon dioxide, kunye negesi yendalo.
Xa uxinzelelo lwanele, okanye ufuna ukufumana ioyile ngokukhawuleza ngesizathu esithile, konke okufuneka ukwenze kukufudumeza ioyile ukunciphisa i-viscosity yayo kwaye ikwenze inyuke ngokukhawuleza kwaye kube lula. Oku kwenziwa ngokujoba umphunga etankini. Ngokwesiqhelo, ukuze ungenzi ukukhutshwa ngokwako kubize kakhulu, kuyenziwa ukuzalwa ngokutsha. Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweeinjini zombane ukuvelisa umbane kwirhasi ekhutshwe equleni.
Irhasi isetyenziselwa ukuqhuba iiyunithi zokumpompa ioyile ngamanye amaxesha nkqu neempompo ezisetyenziselwa ukukhawulezisa imveliso yeoyile. Kwangelo xesha, njengemveliso ephuma kwimveliso, ubushushu buveliswa, obujike benziwe umphunga buhanjiswe kwidama lokubonelela ngoxinzelelo nobushushu.
Ifunyanwa njani ioyile: iindawo zoxinaniso olukhulu
Nangona kukho iindawo zokugcina ioyile kwiindawo ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela, kuyacaca ukuba kuya kufuneka ujonge iindawo apho uxinzelelo luphezulu kakhulu. Ezona zizwe ziphambili zivelisa ioyile emhlabeni yiSaudi Arabia, iRussia ne-United States. I-80% yeoyile esetyenzisiweyo namhlanje ivela kuMbindi Mpuma, ikakhulu eSaudi Arabia, kuManyano lwe-United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Qatar nase Kuwait.
Iingcali zicinga ukuba oovimba beoyile behlabathi sele bedlulile kwincopho yabo ngo-2010. Njengalo mzuzu, bakwinkqubo yokunyamalala ngokomndilili we-7% ngonyaka. Oku kuthetha ukuba amadama okwaziwa ngoku ahlala amashumi eminyaka ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuhlala kuzinzile. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa okongeziweyo kunyuka unyaka nonyaka, ngaphandle kwemizamo yokuvelisa eminye imithombo yamandla.
Iziphumo zokukhutshwa kweoyile
Njengoko unokulindela, kukho iziphumo ezomeleleyo zendalo ezivela ekuxhatshazweni kweoyile. Indlela ikhutshwa ngayo ioyile ikwachaphazela. Esinye seziphumo eziphambili ze Ukukhutshwa kweoyile kukufudumala kwehlabathi okusokolayo kwiplanethi. Kwaye utshintsho olukhulu kwimozulu lwenzeka kuyo yonke imimandla yehlabathi. Imvelaphi yoku kunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ivela ekuphumeni kweegesi zegreenhouse, ngakumbi icarbon dioxide.
Ubuninzi bekhabhon diokside itofelwe emoyeni ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezibaso ezenziwa ngepetroli ezitshiselwa izithuthi zokuhambisa umbane. Ukongeza, isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kombane kwizityalo zamandla ashushu. Indlela ekhutshwa ngayo i-oyile ingcolise kakhulu, kuba i-oyile ayinakucocwa ngokulula. Kuya kufuneka siyiqonde into yokuba awunakunyibilika emanzini, ngenxa yoko unokutshabalalisa zonke izilwanyana nezityalo zommandla.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela ekhutshwa ngayo ioyile kunye neempawu zayo.