Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-biofuels ezivela kwizinto ezingavuselelwa kwakhona. Namhlanje siza kuthetha iiseliofuels zeselulosic. Olu hlobo lwamafutha luvela kwintsalela ekhula ngokukhawuleza yezolimo, iinkuni kunye nengca ezinokuthi ziguqulwe zibe ziindidi ze-biofuels kubandakanya i-jet fuels.
Kule nqaku siza kuchaza ukuba zeziphi i-cellulosic biofuels kwaye zeziphi iimpawu abanazo.
Yintoni i-cellulosic biofuels
Kuluntu lwanamhlanje kufanele ukuba kucace gca ukuba kufuneka siphume kwinqanaba leoyile. Ukuxhomekeka kula mafutha ezinto ezingafunekiyo kubeka umngcipheko ongathethekiyo kukhuseleko lwesizwe, lwezoqoqosho okanye lokusingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, imodeli yezoqoqosho yangoku ayikuyekisi ukusetyenziswa kwezi iifosili. Ukuze ufumane imithombo emitsha yamandla ahlaziyekayo, kuyafuneka ukuba ufumane iarhente entsha ekwaziyo ukuqhuba izithuthi zehlabathi, kuba lo ngowona mthombo uphambili womoya okhupha ubushushu kwiatmosfera.
Unako ukucoca i-biofuels kuyo nayiphi na into okanye eyakha yaba yimifuno. Ezo zesizukulwana sokuqala zivela kwi-biomass ezityiwayo, ngakumbi umbona kunye neembotyi zesoya, ummoba kunye neebhitethi, phakathi kwabanye. Zizona ziqhamo zisondele kakhulu kwihlathi elinokubakho kwi-biofuels kuba ubuchwephesha obuyimfuneko obufunekayo ukuze buzikhuphe ubukhulu becala.
Kufuneka kuthiwe ezi biofuels ayisosisombululo esomeleleyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Umhlaba okhoyo olimekayo ofunekayo uyimfuneko kwaye zii-biofuels kuphela ezinokuveliswa ukugubungela i-10% yazo zonke iimfuno zepetroli zolwelo zamazwe ahambele phambili. Ngokufuna isivuno esikhudlwana, ukutya kwemfuyo kuyabiza kakhulu nakumaxabiso ezinye izinto zokutya, nangona kungenjalo kangako okanye njengoko amaphephancwadi anokukholelwa kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Nje ukuba ukukhutshwa okupheleleyo okuqulethwe kwisizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels kubhalwe, akuloncedo kwindalo esingathanda ukuba ibe yiyo.
Ukulinganisela ukukhutshwa kwegesi
Oku kubuyela umva kubhalansi lweegesi zegreenhouse kwiatmosfera phakathi kokufakwa kunye nokuveliswa kunokuncitshiswa ngokusetyenziswa kwee-biofuels zesizukulwane sesibini ezivela kwizixhobo zeselulosic. Ezi zinto zeeselulosic zezi: iintsalela zamaplanga ezinjengomthi wamaplanga kunye nentsalela yokwakha, ezolimo ezinjengeendiza zombona kunye neengca zengqolowa. Sikwafumana izityalo zamandla, oko kukuthi, izityalo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinemathiriyeli kwigesi okanye zityalwe ngokukodwa kwimveliso ye-biofuels.
Olona ncedo luphambili kwezi zityalo zamandla kukuba zibiza ezimbalwa ngexesha lokuvelisa kwazo. Ininzi kuphela kwaye ayichaphazeli imveliso yokutya, ebaluleke kakhulu ukuyithathela ingqalelo. Uninzi lwezityalo ezinamandla zinokulinywa kumhlaba obekelwe bucala ongasetyenziswanga ukulima. Ezinye zezi zijikelezo zintsha zomthi womngcunube zinokuwungcolisa umhlaba njengoko zikhula.
Ukuveliswa kwee-biofuels zeselulosic
Isixa esikhulu se-biomass sinokuvunwa ngokuzinzileyo kwimveliso yezibaso. Kukho ezinye izifundo eziqinisekisa ukuba, ubuncinci, e-United States, ubuncinci i-1.200 yezigidi zeetoni ze-biomass eyomileyo inokuveliswa ngonyaka ngaphandle kokunciphisa i-biomass efumanekayo ukuze isetyenziswe ngabantu, imfuyo kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngale nto ngaphezulu kwe-400.000 yezigidi zeelitha ze-biofuels zinokufumaneka ngonyaka. Esi sixa silingana nesiqingatha sokusetyenziswa kwepetroli nedizili okwangoku e-United States.
Le biomass evelisiweyo inokuguqulwa ibe lulo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-biofuel: i-ethanol, ipetroli eqhelekileyo, idizili kunye ne-jet fuel. Iinkozo zombona ezivundisiweyo kulula kakhulu ukuzaphula kunezo zinikezelwe ngeselulosi, kodwa inkqubela phambili sele yenziwe mva nje. Iinjineli zeekhemikhali zinemodeli yeekhompyuter yeekhemikhali ezinamandla ezikhoyo zokwakha izakhiwo ezinakho ukulawula iimpendulo kwinqanaba leathom. Olu phando lujolise ekwandiseni ubuchwephesha bokuguqula kwindawo yokuhlaziya. Ixesha lepetroli yeselulosic ngoku lisemandleni ethu.
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, injongo yendalo yeselulosi kukwenza ubume besityalo. Olu lwakhiwo luqukethe ii-scaffolds eziqinileyo zeemolekyuli ezitshixwayo ezixhasa ukukhula okuthe nkqo okumelana ngokuqinileyo nokubola kwebhayoloji. Ukuze ukhulule amandla equkethe iselulosi ukuze ukhulule iqhina leemolekyuli ezenziwe yindaleko.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla ngokusebenzisa i-cellulosic biomass
Inkqubo iqala ngokwaphula i-biomass eqinileyo kwiimolekyuli ezincinci. Ezi molekyuli zicokiswa ngakumbi ukuba zibenamafutha. Iindlela zihlala zihlelwa ngamaqondo obushushu. Sinezi ndlela zilandelayo:
- Indlela yobushushu obuphantsi: Le ndlela isebenza ngamaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwama-50 nama-200 degrees kwaye ivelisa iswekile ezinako ukubila kwi-ethanol nakwezinye izibaso. Oku kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo nonyango lwangoku olusetyenziswa kwizityalo zombona kunye neswekile.
- Indlela yokushisa ephezulu: Le ndlela isebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwama-300 nama-600 degrees kwaye i-bio-oyile ifunyenwe enokucokiswa ukuvelisa ipetroli okanye idizili.
- Indlela ephezulu kakhulu yokushisa: Le ndlela isebenza kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-700 degrees. Kulo msebenzi kwenziwa igesi enokuguqulwa ibe lulwelo olubaselwayo.
Okwangoku, akwaziwa ukuba yeyiphi indlela eya kuguqula ubuninzi bamandla agciniweyo kumafutha olwelo ngexabiso eliphantsi. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo kusenokufuneka zilandelwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ze-cellulosic biomass. Unyango ku amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokulunga kwimithi, ngelixa amaqondo obushushu asezantsi angayifanela nengca. Konke kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bezinto ekufuneka zincitshisiwe ukuze kuveliswe i-biofuel.
Isishwankathelo, i-cellulose yenziwe ngekhabhoni, ioksijini, kunye neeathom zehydrogen. Ipetroli, kwinxalenye yayo, yenziwe ngekhabhon kunye nehydrogen. Ukuguqulwa kweselulosi kwii-biofuels kubandakanya, ekupheliseni ioksijini evela kwiselulosi ukufumana iimolekyuli zamandla aphezulu aqukethe kuphela ikhabhoni kunye nehydrogen.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngale ngcaciso ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-cellulosic biofuels.