Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesihloko esigutyungelwe kakhulu kwibhayoloji kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu. Imalunga ne- iioligosaccharides. Zezimolekyuli ezakhiwe phakathi kwe-2 ukuya kwi-10 ye-monosaccharide residues kwaye zidityaniswe ziibhondi ze-glycosidic. Ezi oligosaccharides zinokufumaneka kuluhlu olubanzi lokutya okunezondlo ezinje ngeetumato, ubisi, itswele, irhasi, irye, kunye negalikhi, phakathi kwabanye.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele zonke iimpawu, ukusebenza kunye nokubaluleka kwee-oligosaccharides.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ukubaluleka kweeoligosaccharides kuqala kushishino lokutya kunye nezolimo. Kwaye kukuba kwezi ndawo kuqwalaselwe kakhulu isenzo sayo kwii-prebiotic, Izinto ezingaginyiyo, ezinye izinto eziluncedo ngenxa yovuselelo olukhethiweyo lokukhula kunye nomsebenzi wentlobo zebacteria zekoloni. Amaphephandaba afumaneka kwimithombo yendalo kunye ne-hydrolysis ye-polysaccharides. Ukuba siyayihlalutya kwizityalo, siyabona ukuba zii-oligosaccharides zeswekile, igalactose kunye ne-sucrose, eyokugqibela iyeyona ininzi kunayo yonke. Banokufunyanwa beqhotyoshelwe kwiiproteni ezenza ii-glycoproteins.
Ukubaluleka kwee-glycoprotein zihlala kwindima yazo ekwamkelweni kweeseli, ukubopha i-lectin, ukwakheka kwe-matrix eyongezelelweyo, usulelo lwentsholongwane, kunye nokumisela i-antigen. Ukubunjwa kwayo kwee-carbohydrate kuyahluka. Ii-Oligosaccharides zenziwe nge-monosaccharides ezinokuthi zibe zii-ketoses kunye ne-aldoses. Luhlobo lweswekile olwahlukileyo lweecarbohydrate ezinamaqela ehydroxyl Amaqela otywala anazo ezi hydroxyls angaba ziziprayimari kunye nezasesekondari. Ngale ndlela, siyabona ukuba ulwakhiwo lwee-monosaccharides ezenza ii-oligosaccharides zi-cyclic. Ezi zakhiwo zinokuba ze-pyranose okanye uhlobo lwe-furanose.
Umzekelo wale glucose, eyi-aldose enobume bayo obuyi-cyclic yi-pyranose. Kwelinye icala, Kwiziqhamo, sifumana i-fructose, eyi-ketosis enobume bayo obuyi-furanose. Zonke i-monosaccharides ezenza i-oligosaccharide ine-D yoqwalaselo lwe-glyceraldehyde. Kukho ii-oligosaccharides ezingaginyiyo kwaye zinolungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo. Inyaniso yokuba azicoleki ngenxa yokuba ukwakheka akunakunyakaziswa ngamanzi yi-enzymes yokugaya amathumbu kunye namathe. Ngaphandle koku, banovelwano kwi-hydrolysis ngokusebenza kwee-enzymes zebhakteria ekwikholoni.
Ukwakhiwa kunye nemisebenzi yeoligosaccharides
Njengoko besitshilo ekuqaleni kwenqaku, ezi zidityaniswe phakathi kwe-3-10 monosaccharide residues. Enye yezinto ezingafaniyo esizifumanayo xa sijonga ukwakheka yi-inulin. Yi-oligosaccharide engagayekiyo eneentsalela ezingaphezu kwe-10 ze-monosaccharide. Xa sithetha ngentsalela sikhomba ekuphelisweni kwemolekyuli yamanzi xa kukho ulwalamano lwe-glucoside phakathi kwe-monosaccharides.
Ngokumalunga nemisebenzi, sinezona disaccharides zixhaphakileyo ze-sucrose kunye ne-lactose. Zombini ziyimithombo yamandla enceda umzimba ukuba usebenze kakuhle. Eminye imisebenzi ye-oligosaccharides engaginyiyo kukuba zii-prebiotic, kukuphucula ukukhula kweentsholongwane kunye nokunciphisa i-cholesterol. Ke ngoko, lukhetho olukhulu kushishino lokutya ukuba sifuna ukuphucula impilo yabantu kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.
Zikwasebenza njengeziswiti ezingezizo kwaye zidlala indima ephambili kwi-osteoporosis. Enye into ephucula umgangatho wezi molekyuli kukulawulwa kwesifo seswekile ngokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-microflora yamathumbu. Ezi oligosaccharides zibonakaliswe njengeepropathi ezinje ngokunciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo kunye norhudo ngokunciphisa i-pathogenic flora kunye nokuphucula impendulo yomzimba.
Zininzi izifundo ezixhasa yonke le misebenzi kwaye ngalo lonke ixesha sizama ukubandakanyeka kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.
Iindidi zeoligosaccharides
Xa sizama ukuhlela ezi molekyuli, siyabona ukuba zinokwahlulwa zibe yinto eqhelekileyo nezinqabileyo. Eyokuqala zii-disaccharides. I-Sucrose kunye ne-lactose zezona ziqhelekileyo. Ezinqabileyo zezabo banazo njalo zintathu kuphela okanye iintsalela ze-monosaccharide kwaye uninzi lwazo zifumaneka zisasazwa kwizityalo. Ezo zifunyenwe kwindalo zahlukile kwimonosaccharides eyenzileyo. Ngale ndlela, ezi oligosaccharides zilandelayo zifunyenwe: fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS); i-lactulooligosaccharides evela kwi-galactooligosaccharides (LDGOS); xylooligosaccharides (XOS); arabinooligosaccharides (OSA); ivela kwi-seaweed (ADMO).
Enye indlela ekhoyo yokuhlela ezi molekyuli kukwahlulahlula ngokwamaqela eziziiprayimari nezizisekondari. Ezona ziphambili zezo zifunyanwa kwizityalo kwaye zahlulwe zaba ze-glucose kunye ne-sucrose. Kwelinye icala, sinabo oochwephesha abenziwe kumabanga aphantsi. Ezona ziphambili zezo zidityaniswe zenziwa nge-monosaccharides kunye ne-glycosyl donor ngendlela ye-glycosyltransferase. Umzekelo woku yi-sucrose.
Disaccharides zininzi kwaye phakathi kwazo sine-sucrose. I-Sucrose yenziwe nge-glucose kunye ne-fructose. Kwelinye icala, kukho ilactose, eyenziwe yiglucose kunye negalactose. I-Lactose ifumaneka kuphela kubisi. Namhlanje baninzi abantu abanganyamezelaniyo ne-lactose kuba imizimba yabo ayinazo ii-enzyme ezinako ukuyisebenzisa.
Izicelo kumhlaza womhlaza
Ukubonakala kwesifo somhlaza wekolon kuhambelana nendlela yokuphila. Inyama kunye notywala zonyusa umngcipheko wokubonakala kwesi sifo, ngelixa ukutya okunothe kwifayibha kunye nobisi kuyasinciphisa. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba sifunde ukwazisa ukutya okutyebileyo kunye okwahlukileyo kwizakhamzimba kukutya kwethu. Ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo kwee-prebiotic kusekwe ekuqwalaseleni ukuba i-bifidobacteria kunye ne-lactobacillus ziyasilela ukuvelisa iikhompawundi ze-carcinogenic.
Uninzi lwezifundo esele zenziwe kwizilwanyana hayi ebantwini. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-prebiotic kubonisiwe ukuvelisa ukunciphisa okukhulu kwiseli yekolon kunye ne-genotoxicity, kunceda ukwandisa umsebenzi wesithintelo samathumbu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neoligosaccharides kunye neempawu zazo.