Iplastiki yinto esele iyinto yosetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla kunye nemizi-mveliso. Namhlanje besiya kuhlala ngaphandle kweeplastiki kuba siyisebenzisa phantse kuyo yonke into. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi iintlobo zeeplastiki kuxhomekeke kusetyenziso oluza kunikwa kunye nohlobo lwemvelaphi enayo. Ukwenziwa kweeplastikhi kuxhathisa kakhulu ukuthotywa okubangelwa yimeko-bume. Oku kwenza ukuba ubukho bayo kwindalo bube yingxaki kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga neendidi ezahlukeneyo zeplastiki kunye neempawu zazo eziphambili.
Ulwahlulo lweentlobo zeeplastiki
Ukwahlulahlula iiplastikhi zininzi iindlela. Enye yazo kukuhlela ngokusebenzisa iisimboli ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo ubone uphawu lokurisayikilisha ngenani kwezinye iimveliso. Oku kubandakanya ikhowudi yokurisayikilisha iiplastiki. Ibizwa ngokuba yikhowudi Ukuchongwa kwee-resin okanye iikhowudi zokuchonga zeplastiki zoluntu kunye namashishini. Kuxhomekeke kudidi lwekhowudi, iya kuba nezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwakhiwa. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili zeplastiki:
- I-PET okanye i-PETE (polyethylene terephthalate).
- IHDPE (uxinano oluphezulu lwe-polyethylene).
- I-PVC (i-polyvinyl chloride).
- I-LDPE (Ubuninzi bePolyethylene)
- I-PP (iPolypropylene).
- I-PS (iPolystyrene).
- Ezinye iiplastiki.
Iindidi zeplastiki
I-PET okanye iPET plastiki
Ku malunga i-polyethylene terephthalate. Olunye lweempawu zalo kukuba icace gca kwaye ayibulali. Sesinye sezona zinto zisetyenziswayo ukuphinda zisetyenziselwe ukusukela oko zifunyenwe kwisongelo seplastiki, iibhotile, izitya zokutya kunye nezinye iimveliso. Enye yezona zisetyenzisiweyo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufumana uphawu lweentolo ezi-3 ezakha unxantathu. Oku kubonisa ukuba imveliso inokuphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona kwaye kufuneka igalelwe kwisitya esimthubi.
Iplastiki yeHDPE
Olu luhlobo lweplastiki olubizwa ngokuba yi-high-density polyethylene. Kwizikhongozeli kunye neemveliso ezenziwe ngolu hlobo lweplastiki, inombolo yesi-2 ifumaneka ngaphakathi konxantathu weentolo. Le nto ifumaneka kwiimveliso ezinjengeetetrabriks, ezinye izikhongozeli zokutya, izitya zokuthambisa, iimveliso zokucoca, imibhobho ethile, njl. Zonke ezi zinto kufuneka ziphinde zisetyenziswe kwisitya esimthubi.
Iplastiki yePVC
Yaziwa ngakumbi ngegama le-PVC. Yenziwe nge-polyvinyl chloride kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza iigatha, iintambo, imibhobho, ezinye iibhotile kunye neekharafi. Inokufumaneka nakwiindawo zokugcina izithuthi, kwiibhotile zesepha, kunye neepakeji zokutya. Kubonakala ukuba yenye yeendlela eziyingozi kakhulu zeplastiki kwimpilo nakokusingqongileyo. Inokuchongwa ngokulula njengoko ikhowudi ikunombolo 3.
Iplastiki yeLDP
Ibizwa ngokuba yi-polyethylene esezantsi. Ukuchongwa kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ikhowudi kunye nenombolo 4. Luhlobo lweplastiki enokuphinda isetyenziswe eyayisetyenziselwa ukwenza iingxowa zokutya ezingumkhenkce, iingxowa zenkunkuma, iphepha lasekhitshini elibonakalayo njl. Ezi plastiki zaphinda zaphinde zenziwe kwakhona emgqomeni otyheli.
PP zeplastiki
Ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba yenye yezona zinto zaziwayo zifunyanwa kwizitroyi zokusela, ezineziciko kunye neekepusi zezikhongozeli. Imalunga nepolypropylene. Inokuchongwa ngokumakisha inani lesi-5 kwisimboli yeentolo.
Iplastiki yePS
Yaziwa ngokuba yi-polystyrene kwaye ifunyenwe isimboli enekhowudi yenombolo 6 phakathi kweentolo. Sifumene iithoyi, izixhobo zokusika, isikhonkwane esimhlophe kunye nokupakisha okusetyenziselwa ukugcina. Isetyenziselwa ukupakisha kunye nokukhuselwa kweemveliso zombane kunye nezixhobo zasendlini. Yikhokho emhlophe eqhelekileyo ewayo.
Ezinye iintlobo zeplastiki
Kukho ezinye iintlobo zeeplastikhi ezingezizo ezazo naziphi na kwezi zikhankanyiweyo kudweliso lwangaphambili. Ezinye iiplastiki zinokwahlulwa ngokobungakanani bazo kwaye zinamathiselwe kwi-macro okanye kwimicro. Inokuhlelwa ngokusekwe kwi umthamo we-biodegradation, nokuba iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde isetyenziswe. Siza kukucacisela ukuba zeziphi ezinye zeentlobo eziphambili zeeplastikhi ezingafakwanga kuhlelo lwangaphambili:
Iibhayiloji
Zizo ezo ziveliswa ngemithombo yobutyebi yendalo ehlaziyekayo. Ezi plastiki aziyonakalisi imeko-bume kwaye zinesixhobo esifanelekileyo. Zezi zilandelayo:
- Isitashi sePLA (polylactic acid)
- Iswekile ye-ethylene.
- Imoba for polyethylene.
Iiplastiki ezinokuboliswa ziintsholongwane
Abantu abaninzi bayababhidanisa kunye noku kungasentla kwaye baneempawu ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye oku malunga nezo ntlobo zeplastiki zenziwe ngento enokuthotywa ngamanye amagciwane. Ezi ntsholongwane zifuna imeko epheleleyo yokusingqongileyo njengoko zinako ukuguqula iplastiki ibe yi-biomass, iigesi kunye namanzi.
Thermoplastics
Zezo zinempawu yokunyibilika xa kushushu kwaye xa sele zipholile zibuyela kulungelelwaniso olunzima. Zipholima ezinesakhono sokunyibilika kunye nokubumba kwakhona. Uncedo lwezi plastiki kukuba eli nqaku likwaqhubeka ngokungenasiphelo. Ngenxa yolu hlobo lokuziphatha kweekhemikhali, ii-thermoplastics ziphinda zisetyenziswe ngenkqubo yokurisayikilisha. Phakathi kwaba bafana sinabo Polyvinyl chloride, ezinepolypropylene, polyethylene kunye polycarbonate, phakathi kwabanye.
Iiplastiki zethermoset
Njengoko igama lalo libonisa, zizinto ebezitshisiwe kwaye zibunjiwe, zinokunyibilika okanye ziphinde zidityaniswe. Ke ngoko, azinakuguqula imilo zakuba zibunjiwe. Eminye imizekelo yile ilandelayo: irabha eyenziweyo, irabha eyenziwe yendalo, i-polyurethanes, ii-silicones, i-epoxy resin, phakathi kwabanye.
Microplastics
Zizo ezo ngoku zaziwa njengezona zingcoliseko ziphambili kwendalo kwaye zibeka ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yomntu wonke. Zincinci zeesuntswana zokwenziwa ezivela kwezinye izinto ezivela kwipetroleum. Ubungakanani bayo ngokubanzi bungaphantsi kwe-5 mm, ke ubukho bayo abunakubuxatyiswa. Inokufakwa ngokutya kokutya okuvela elwandle.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neeplastikhi kunye neempawu zazo eziphambili.