I-Bismuth ithathwa njengenye yezona zinyithi zininzi emhlabeni, yinto ebekwe kwiqela le-15 kwitheyibhile ye-periodic, kunye nophawu lwekhemikhali u-Bi, inombolo ye-atomic 83 kunye nenani le-athomu yobunzima 208.9804 units. Ngenxa yombala wale nto, igama elithi bismuth livela kwigama lesiJamani elithi "bisemutum", elithetha "umbandela omhlophe". I iimpawu zebismuth Ziyahluka kwaye zinosetyenziso olwahlukeneyo olufanele ukwazi.
Ngoko ke, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele zonke iimpawu, imbali, imvelaphi kunye neempawu ze-bismuth.
Imbali ethile
Lenza i-0,00002% ye-crust yomhlaba, inqabile kakhulu kwaye ifana kakhulu nesilivere. Inokubakho kulwakhiwo lweminerali kwimeko yesinyithi ecocekileyo. Ineqondo lokunyibilika lama-271 °C, ukuxinana kwe-9800 kg/m³, kunye neqondo lokubila lika-1560 °C.
I-elementi ngaphambili ibibhidekile nelothe kunye ne-tin kuba babelane ngeempawu ezifanayo, kodwa iikhemisti bezizama ukubonisa ukungafani kwazo.
Yayiyenye yeentsimbi ezilishumi zokuqala ezafunyanwayo, kwaye ukufunyanwa kwayo akuchazwanga nakubani na ngokukodwa, kuba ibisaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ngenxa yokufana kwayo, le element ekuqaleni yabhidaniswa nelothe kunye netoti. Kwisiseko soqwalaselo olucokisekileyo lweempawu ezibonakalayo zesi sinyithi, umphandi uGeorgius Agricola, ngakumbi ngo-1546, waqaphela i-bismuth njengesinyithi esahlukileyo kusapho lweentsimbi ezinetoti kunye nelothe.
Kwiminyaka ye-alchemy, abanye abasebenzi basezimayini babiza i-bismuth "tectum argenti," okuthetha "isilivere ekwenzeni," ibhekisela kwisilivere eya kufumaneka eMhlabeni ngexesha lokubunjwa kwayo.
Ngowe-1738, abaphandi bathanda UCarl Wilhelm Scheele, uJohann Heinrich Pott, kunye noTorbern Olof Bergman bayahlula ngokucacileyo i-bismuth kwilothe.; kodwa akuzange kube ngowe-1753 apho uClaude François Geoffrey wabonisa ukuba i-bismuth yesinyithi yayahluke kakhulu kwi-tin kunye nelothe.
Ama-Inca nawo asebenzisa le nto ngetoti kunye nobhedu, apho adala i-alloy yobhedu ukwenza iimela.
iimpawu zebismuth
Yikristale engwevu-emhlophe, eqaqambileyo, eqinile kwaye enqabileyo. I-Bismuth iyakhula njengoko iqina kwaye kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba zimbalwa iintsimbi ezifumana le ntshukumo. Kwakhona, le ntsimbi ine-conductivity ephantsi ye-thermal xa kuthelekiswa nayo nayiphi na enye isinyithi ngaphandle kwe-mercury.
I-Bismuth inert xa ibekwe kumoya owomileyo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, kodwa i-oxidize kancinane xa ivezwe kukufuma. Kwakhona, ukuba ibonakaliswe kumaqondo obushushu ngaphezu kwendawo yokunyibilika kwayo, iya kukhawuleza yenza umaleko we-oxide, oya kutshisa kwi-oxide ephuzi xa ijika ibe bomvu.
Le ntsimbi inokudibaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-halogens, isulfure, i-tellurium, kunye ne-selenium, kodwa kungekhona nge-phosphorus kunye ne-nitrogen. Amanzi e-carbonated kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo aliyi kuhlasela, kodwa umphunga wamanzi uya kuthi kancinane ube bomvu.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, phantse zonke iifom zekhompawundi zi-trivalent, kodwa kwezinye iimeko zinokuba yi-monovalent okanye i-pentavalent. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba i-sodium bismuth kunye ne-bismuth pentafluoride zibaluleke kakhulu iikhompawundi ze-Bi (V) kuba yangaphambili iyi-agent e-oxidizing enamandla kakhulu, ngelixa le yokugqibela iluncedo kakhulu kwi-fluorinating agent kwi-organic compounds.
Iimpawu zebismuth kwizinto zomoya
Amatye eBismuth aziwa ngokukwazi kwawo ukunceda ukusebenzisa amandla e-Kundalini, kwaye la matye aguqula amandla kwi-chakra yesithsaba, eyibuyisela kwingcambu ye-chakra.
Xa ibekwe kwi-chakra yesithsaba, inceda ukufumana isigwebo esingcono, ulwazi oluninzi, kunye nokubona kwangaphambili.
- Uyakwazi ukumanyanisa amalungu eqela.
- Zinezinto eziluncedo kakhulu kwaye zivuselela ukuphilisa umzimba.
- Ziluncedo kakhulu ekuncedeni ukuqhela amatye angcangcazelayo aphezulu.
- Inceda ukudala unxibelelwano olunzulu kwingqondo yehlabathi kunye nazo zonke izinto.
- Bakunceda uhlengahlengise xa uziva uwedwa, uqhawukile kuwe okanye kwabanye.
- Itsala ii-vibes ezintle xa kufikwa kwimali.
- Ekubhejeni nasekungcakazeni kuzisa amathamsanqa.
- Inokunceda abantu bacinge ngezinto ezakhayo nezingaphelelwa lixesha.
Sebenzisa
- I-Bismuth isetyenziswa kwishishini lamachiza, eli shishini elifuna ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwesi sixhobo, ukuveliswa kwe-antidiarrheals kunye neemveliso zemichiza kunyango lwamehlo kunye nosulelo lwebhaktheriya, i-allergies, i-flatulence, i-syphilis, umkhuhlane, njl.
- Icandelo lemizi-mveliso likwasebenzisa i-bismuth ukwenza ii-pigments zokuthambisa ezifana izipreyi zeenwele, iipolishe zeenzipho kunye nezithunzi zamehlo.
- Kwishishini le-metallurgical, le nto iluncedo ekwenzeni i-alloys kunye namanqaku aphantsi okuncibilika, asetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokunciphisa kwiinkqubo zokukhusela kunye nezixhobo zomlilo.
- I-Bismuth yindawo ebalaseleyo yelothe, enetyhefu, kwaye ngenxa yokuxinana kwayo, isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-ballasts, i-ballistic projectiles, njl.
- Ibismuth isetyenziswa njenge ilaphu ikhaka lelatex kwaye, ngenxa yobunzima bayo be-athomu exabisekileyo kunye nokuxinana okuphezulu, njengokhuseleko kwi-X-reyi kwiimvavanyo ezithile zohlalutyo lwezonyango ezifana ne-tomography.
- Kukho iimoto ezinezixokelelwano ze-thermocouple zokuthutha amafutha kwiireactors zenyukliya ezi-U-235 kunye ne-U-233, kwaye i-bismuth iyasetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo.
- I-alloy ye-bismuth kunye ne-manganese ivelisa ii-bisphenols, ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezisisigxina ezinamandla kakhulu.
- IBismuth oxychloride isetyenziswa ekwenzeni iiperile ezenziweyo.
- Xa i-X-rays yenkqubo yokugaya iyadingeka, i-bismuth nitrate ilawulwa kwizigulane ngendlela yokumiswa ngenxa yokuba ukubunjwa kuhambelana ne-X-rays.
Imvelaphi kunye nokwakheka
ibhismuth ifumaneka rhoqo kwi-dendritic clumps nakwi-hydrothermal veins ubushushu obuphezulu okanye iidiphozithi zepegmatite. Ngokuqhelekileyo igranular okanye i-scaly, kodwa iphinde ibe ne-fibrous okanye njengenaliti.
I-China ithathwa njengelona lizwe livelisa i-bismuth enkulu kunye ne-7.200 yeetoni ze-metric, ngokuphindwe kasibhozo ngaphezu kwabo bonke abavelisi zidityanisiwe, zezi: Mexico 825 yeetoni zeemetric, iRashiya 40 yeetoni zemetric, Canada 35 metric tons, kunye neBolivia 10 yeetoni zemetric. Ngokunjalo, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba ezona zidiphozithi ziphambili kunye nezona zibanzi zebismuth zifumaneka eMzantsi Melika.
Ezinye iindawo apho i-bismuth inokufumaneka khona: EJamani, eUnited States, eSpain, eUnited Kingdom naseOstreliya.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neepropati ze-bismuth kunye neempawu zayo.