Kwi-chemistry kuthethwa kakhulu ngokwenza ibhalansi yemichiza. Yimeko yokuba iimpendulo zamachiza zinokufikelela ngokuguqukayo kwaye apho kungekho mahluko kugxilwe kuzo zombini izinto ezihlangulayo kunye neemveliso ezichaphazelekayo kwimpendulo ngokwayo. Ukulingana kweekhemikhali kubonakaliswa ngokuba namandla kwaye kungabi static. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke iimolekyuli kunye neeathom ziyaqhubeka ukuphendula ngokuqhubekayo kodwa zigcina ukugxila okufanayo.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nokulinganisela kweekhemikhali kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Xa sithetha ngokulingana kweekhemikhali sithetha ngento efana naleyo yenzekayo xa kukho utshintsho lokupasa. Utshintsho lwama-mushroom alunakuba sisaphulelo kwikhonkco. Masenze umzekelo: sisebenzisa ulwelo olunokulingana kunye nomphunga walo, njengokuqina. Sifumanisa ukulingana xa okuqinileyo kungabakho kulingano kunye namanzi angqongileyo xa athe aqaqamba okanye aqaqamba.
Ukulinganisela kweekhemikhali kubalulekile kushishino lweekhemikhali. Ngale ndlela, ukuphuculwa kokudityaniswa kunye nezivuno kunokufumaneka. Nje ukuba ukulingana kweekhemikhali kusekwe, akukho lunye utshintsho okanye iimpendulo ezinokufunyanwa ngaphandle kokuba oku kulungelelaniswa kuphazamisekile. Ngokwesiqhelo, iphazanyiswa zizenzo zangaphandle. Yile ndlela ukuhlanganiswa kwemveliso kuguqulwa ngayo ngeeparitha ezininzi ezinje ngoxinzelelo, ivolumu okanye ubushushu. Ukuba sidlala ngokuqhubekayo kunye namaxabiso ezi paramitha ekugqibeleni sifezekisa ukuba ibhalansi yenziwe xa inokufikelela kwimveliso ephezulu.
Ngaphandle koko, ukuba asibali kakuhle, ulingano lweekhemikhali awuyi kuba neemveliso ezilungileyo kwaye ziya kungonelisi. Oko kukuthi, iya kuba nesivuno esisezantsi kwaye ayizukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho. Konke oku kuluncedo ngakumbi ukuba siyikhuphela ngaphandle kwimizi-mveliso yamachiza nakuluphi na uhlanganiso ngaphandle kwesikali salo. Ngokucacileyo, kuya kufuneka sandise imveliso ngakumbi okoko kukho imveliso kwinqanaba elikhulu.
Kwimeko yokulingana kwemichiza kunokubakho ubuninzi beemveliso okanye ubuninzi bezinto ezisabelayo. Konke kuxhomekeke kwicala apho ibhalansi ibalekileyo. Ukuba sithathela ingqalelo zonke izinto, sinokutshintsha ukulingana kweekhemikhali nakweliphi icala. Kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba olu tshintsho lwezikhombisi lunokwenzeka ukuba impendulo yemichiza inokubuyela umva.
Inkcazo yokulingana kwemichiza
Siza kuchaza ukuba kwenzeka njani kwaye yintoni efunekayo ukufezekisa ukulingana kweekhemikhali. Into yokuqala kukubona okuza ngaphambili. Siza kujonga le mpendulo ilandelayo inokubuyiselwa umva ngokupheleleyo. Apha sinayo i-nitrojeni tetraoxide eguqulwe yenziwa i-moles ezi-2 ze-nitrogen dioxide. Zizo zombini iigesi. Irhasi yokuqala eyi-reagent ayinambala, ngelixa eyesibini inombala omdaka okanye omdaka. Ukuba sibeka inani elithile lezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwibhotile okanye kwisitya esincinci, Siza kubona ukuba ayinambala kude kusekwe ulingano lweekhemikhali.
Ukuxinaniswa kwezenzi ziqala ukwehla kancinci kancinci njengoko ukusabela kweekhemikhali kusenzeka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Icandelo lalo liphela lizahlulahlula ukuba lenze iimolekyuli ze-nitrogen dioxide. Nangona uxinzelelo lwento efanayo lilingana no-zero ekuqaleni kwempendulo, iya kuqala ukwanda njengoko i-reagent iqala ukwahlukana.
Nangona kunjalo, sithetha ngempendulo yeekhemikhali eziguqulwayo, ukuze inxenye yeemolekyuli zeemveliso ziya kujoyina ukuze ziphinde zenze izinto eziphindayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba Ezimbini zisabela ngokuthe ngqo nangaphambeneyo, ziya kuba nezantya zazo.
Amanqanaba okuphendula kumlinganiso wamachiza
Makhe sibone ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani amazinga okuphendula anayo kwi-equilibrium equilibrium. Ekuqaleni kufuneka sazi ukuba inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwee reagents liza kuba likhulu kuneqondo lokusetyenziswa kweemveliso. Ngale ndlela, ekuqaleni, kuba kukho initrogen ye-nitrogen kuphela, iimolekyuli ezimbalwa eziye zenziwa nge-nitrogen dioxide akunakufane ukuba zisabele ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Xa sifikile kuloo mzuzu wokuphendula, kwi-vial uyayibona indlela eqala ngayo ukujika iorenji kuba unomxube wezinto ezisebenzayo kunye neemveliso ngaxeshanye.
Kancinci kancinci, njengoko impendulo yemichiza iqhubeka, iimolekyuli zeemveliso ziya kuba maninzi ngakumbi kuneemolekyuli zezinto ezisabelayo. Amanqanaba ezi mpendulo zimbini, ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokuguqulweyo, ziya kuqhubeka zilingana, nanjengoko kugxilwe kwahluka omnye komnye nangakumbi. Oko kukuthi, iimveliso zihlala zikhulu kunee-reactants, ke uxinzelelo lwabo luya kunyuka kulo lonke ulingano lweekhemikhali.
Xa impendulo yamachiza ifinyelela ukulingana kweekhemikhali velocities kwaye zombini iimpendulo zilingana. Zombini ezi zinto kugxilwe kuzo zihlala zihleli kuba zombini ezi zenzo zenzeka ngesantya esifanayo. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba inani elithile lama-reactants lihlukaniswe, ubungakanani obufanayo buya kuveliswa kwakhona ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuphendula komnye ubuninzi beemveliso. Esi sizathu sokuba kutheni igama lokulingana kwemichiza laziwe kwaye linamandla ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye kukuba iimolekyuli zazo zombini izinto ezihlangulayo kunye neemveliso ziyaqhubeka nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo, nangona ukugxila kwazo kungatshintshi ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuba sinokuthi amaqondo okuphendula ayafana kodwa kumacala omabini, kunokwenzeka ukuba sibe nokulingana rhoqo.
Ukulingana rhoqo
Kuyaphunyezwa kwaye kuhlala kunjalo, ukuba nje izinto ezinje ngeqondo lobushushu zizinzile. Oko kukuthi, i-chemical equilibrium constant iya kufana, ngokude nje ukuba iqondo lokushisa lizinzile, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-Nitrogen Tetraoxide ifakwe njani kwi-vial ekuqaleni.
Njengoko ubona, ibhalansi yemichiza ibaluleke kakhulu kushishino lweekhemikhali kunye nolwazi lokuvelisa imveliso. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokulingana kwemichiza kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.