Eyona nto ilula kwindalo iphela yihydrogen. Inokufumaneka ngohlobo lwerhasi kuzo zombini iinkwenkwezi kunye neeplanethi kwaye ikwayinxalenye yeekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezifana namanzi. I i-hydrogen engamanzi inokuba nezicelo ezinomdla kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oshishino.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele yonke into oyifunayo malunga nolwelo lwe-hydrogen, iimpawu zayo kunye nendlela efumaneka ngayo.
Ubuninzi behydrogen
Ihydrogen imele ngaphezu kwe-70% yezinto ezibonakalayo kwindalo iphela, eyenza ibe yeyona nto ininzi kakhulu. Inokufunyanwa kumbindi weenkwenkwezi eziselula, kwiatmosphere yeeplanethi ezinkulu ezinegesi (ezifana neJupiter kunye neVenus), njengemikhondo esemhlabeni, nanjengenxalenye yamawaka eekhompawundi zendalo kunye ne-inorganic kwindalo. Ngenxa yoko, iinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji ziyayilawula.
Kukho ii-isotopes ezininzi ze-hydrogen (i-athomu zento enye yeekhemikhali, kodwa ezinamanani ahlukeneyo e-neutron):
- Iprotium (1H). Yenziwe ngeeproton, akukho neutron kwinucleus. Yeyona nguqulo iqhelekileyo ye-hydrogen.
- I-Deuterium (2H). Inzima kune-hydrogen eqhelekileyo, kwaye i-nucleus yayo ine-neutron enye kunye neproton enye.
- I-Tritium (3H). Ine-neutron ezimbini kwinucleus ecaleni kweproton, nto leyo eyenza ibe nzima.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Sinokuyichaza ngokweempawu eziphambili ze-hydrogen engamanzi:
- Indawo yokubilisa iphantsi, ezinokubangela iqabaka okanye hypothermia. Isenokude ibangele ubunzima bokuphefumla kunye nokufuthaniselwa ukuba utsalelwe.
- Ngenxa yobushushu be-hydrogen engamanzi, inokwenza umkhenkce xa idibana nokufuma emoyeni, nto leyo enokuthintela iivalvu kunye nokuvuleka kweitanki zakho zokugcina.
- Ihlala ingumphunga kwaye ivelise i-hydrogen, leyo kufuneka icocwe kwaye ithintelwe ngokukhuselekileyo ukuyithintela ekudibaneni nomoya ojikeneyo emoyeni, ukuvutha nokuqhushumba.
- Ukuxinana okuphezulu komphunga ogcweleyo kunokubangela ukuba ilifu elibunjiweyo lihambe ngokuthe tye okanye lihle ukuba i-hydrogen engamanzi iyabaleka.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kukho iinkqubo ezininzi zokuvelisa i-hydrogen ezisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye namandla. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zinto, sinokuthi ngomlinganiselo othile Iinkqubo ezivuselelekayo eziyi-100% ziveliswa, I-100% ye-fossil okanye ixutywe. Ukongezelela, zinokuqhutyelwa kwiindawo eziphakathi kunye neeyunithi ezincinci ezikufutshane kwindawo yokusetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, amandla anokufumaneka nakwiindawo ezikude kakhulu.
I-Liquid Hydrogen igcinwa njani
Ukwenza i-hydrogen engamanzi ibenenzuzo ngokwezoqoqosho kunye nokufezekisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kuhamba ngokugcinwa okwaneleyo kwe-hydrogen ngokuhambelana neemfuno ezikhoyo zokuthutha kunye nokuhanjiswa kwayo ukusuka kwindawo yokuvelisa ukuya kwindawo yokusetyenziswa.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iinkqubo kunye neemeko apho i-hydrogen kufuneka igcinwe iya kuxhomekeka ekupheleni kokusetyenziswa. Ngale ndlela siyakwazi ukwahlula:
- Inkqubo yokugcina i-hydrogen emileyo, ilungele ushishino kunye nekhaya okanye ukuhanjiswa kwezicelo zokuvelisa amandla. Kule meko, kukho phantse akukho zithintelo ngokubhekiselele kwindawo ehlala kuyo, ubunzima, umthamo okanye ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezincedisayo.
- Kwelinye icala, i Iinkqubo zokugcina i-hydrogen kwiimoto banikezela ubuncinci bokuqinisekisa ukuba izithuthi zinoluhlu olufana neemoto zemveli. Ukongeza, kukho iimfuno ezisebenzayo kunye neziguquguqukayo zokubonelela nge-hydrogen, ezinokuhlengahlengiswa ngokudityaniswa neeseli zepetroli kuzo zonke iintlobo zezithuthi.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba icandelo lezothutho lelinye lamacandelo abaluleke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla kwihlabathi, ngakumbi kumazwe athuthukileyo. Oku kukhokelele ishishini leemoto ukuba libe lelinye lawona mandla okuqhuba kuyo yonke intuthuko kwiiseli zamafutha, i-hydrogen kunye nobuchwephesha bokugcina obunxulumeneyo.
Ngokufanayo, xa uthetha ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugcina le gesi, kuyimfuneko ukubonisa imfuneko yokwandisa ukhuseleko lwayo, kuba ilungile. inokutsha kakhulu, ayinatyhefu, ayinambala, ayinancasa kwaye ayinancasa. Ngaloo ndlela, uluhlu lweenkqubo zokugcina lubandakanya amathuba kwinqanaba lophando, njengekhabhoni (esebenzayo, igraphite, i-molecular carbon beds, nanofibers, fullerenes ...), i-compounds (NH3), i-glass microspheres kunye ne-zeolites.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugcinwa kweqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kwifomu yolwelo kunye nokugcinwa kweqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kwigesi ecinezelekileyo okanye i-hydride yensimbi ibonakalise ukuba inokwethenjelwa kwaye ingasetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen engamanzi
Ngenxa yetekhnoloji kunye nezifundo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwi-hydrogen engamanzi, inokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino. Kufuneka ihlale ithathelwe ingqalelo into yokuba isetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla ococekileyo nosebenzayo ongangcolisi indalo esingqongileyo. Phakathi kwezona zicelo zinika umdla kushishino lwamandla, ezothutho, ishishini lokutya, ishishini le-aerospace kunye nokucoca. Siza kungena kwiinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nokusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen engamanzi.
Ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kuyenza ibe yirhasi egqibeleleyo yokupholisa kwimizi-mveliso, ingakumbi ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okugqwesileyo kokudlulisa ubushushu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen njengenye amafutha kuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwesithuthi, ngelixa kuncitshiswa ukukhutshwa kongcoliso, ngaloo ndlela kube negalelo ekukhuselweni kwendalo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwale gesi kujolise ekuphuculeni umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lokutya ngokuphuhliswa kobugcisa obutsha. Isisibaso esisebenzayo sokuqhuba iirokethi kwaye ikwangumthombo wamandla okugcina ubomi kunye neenkqubo zekhompyuter kwindawo esingqongileyo. Yeyona nto iphambili kushishino lokuguqula ubukrwada obunzima bube sisibaso esisulungekileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwehydrogen njengesibaso kuneziphumo ezininzi ezintle kokusingqongileyo. Sigxininisa eyona ibalulekileyo:
- Ngamandla acocekileyo, kushiya kuphela umphunga wamanzi njengentsalela. Ngoko ke, ihambelana kakhulu nendalo esingqongileyo kunezibaso zefosili.
- Ayinakuphela.
- Inokusetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi, ukusuka kushishino ukuya kwezothutho okanye amakhaya.
- Vumela ukugcinwa kunye nokuthutha okukhulu.
- Isebenza kakuhle kunombane. Ngokomzekelo, imoto ye-hydrogen fuel ihlawuliswe ngokupheleleyo kwimizuzu emi-5 kwaye inoluhlu olufanayo njengemoto evuthayo.
Zonke ezi zibonelelo zenza i-hydrogen ibe ngumthombo wamandla osebenzayo, ococekileyo nokhuselekileyo, ekufuneka aqwalaselwe kwiinkalo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-hydrogen engamanzi.