Amafu asoloko eyinto yokufundwa komntu. Ngokuqinisekileyo sisebancinci sazibuza amafu enziwe ngantoni. Ibisoloko ibonakala kuthi njengamafu ekotoni anenkangeleko ethambileyo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo kwaphela.
Kweli nqaku siza kuxela ukuba yintoni amafu enziwe ngayo, iimpawu kunye nendlela eyenziwe ngayo.
Amafu enziwe ngantoni
Ngamagama alula, kunokuthiwa ifu buninzi bamathontsi amanzi, iikristale zomkhenkce, okanye zombini, ixhonywe kwi-atmosfera kwaye yenziwe ngenxa yokuxinana komphunga wamanzi kwiatmosfera. Amafu aziintlobo ngeentlobo kwaye anokwahlulwa ngokwemilo nobude bawo.
Ukubunjwa kwamafu kufuna amacandelo amathathu: umphunga wamanzi kwi-atmosfera, amasuntswana avumela ukuba ajiyane, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Iatmosfera yenziwe ziintlobo ngeentlobo zeegesi, kubandakanywa umphunga wamanzi ophuma kumphunga wamanzi, ukuguquka kwezityalo kunye ne-glacial sublimation. Kodwa lo mphunga ujingayo awunako ukwenza amafu ngokwawo. Ukuze umphunga wamanzi udibanise, udinga "i-nucleus ye-condensation" okanye "i-aerosol", ehambelana ngokulula nesuntswana elineempawu ze-hygroscopic (ubudlelwane obuphezulu bamanzi), obuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kweemolekyuli zomphunga wamanzi kunye nokunyuka kwazo okulandelayo.
Ezi nuclei ezinokubakho Zininzi emoyeni kwaye ziquka uthuli, i-pollen, iinkozo zetyuwa elwandle kunye namaza aphukileyo; kunye nothuthu lokudubula kwentaba-mlilo okanye imililo. Nje ukuba ezi zithako zimbini zifunyenwe, amanye amanyathelo ayafuneka ukuze abe lilifu. Umphunga wamanzi kunye ne-condensation nuclei kufuneka idibane namaqondo obushushu asezantsi ukufikelela kwindawo yombethe, okanye iqondo lobushushu apho iimolekyuli zomphunga wamanzi ziya kutshintsha zibe ngamathontsi amanzi alulwelo.
Enye indlela yokupholisa ubunzima bomoya kukuwunyanzela ukuba unyuke nge-convection. I-Convection yenzeka xa ilanga litshisa umphezulu woMhlaba kwaye emva koko ligqithisele obo bushushu kobona bunzima bomoya bukufutshane. Obu bunzima bomoya oshushu buya kuba buncinci kunomoya ojikelezileyo, ngoko buya kunyuka ngokulula ngenxa ye-buoyancy, ehambelana namandla aphezulu aqhutywe ngulwelo oluncinci.
Uqeqesho
Ubunzima bomoya obushukuma ngokuthe tye (njengangaphambili bubandayo) busenokunyanzelwa ukuba bufudumale xa udibana nencopho yentaba endleleni okanye udibana nomnye, ubunzima bomoya opholileyo. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, ubunzima bomoya obuhamba ngokuthe tye buya kunyanzeliswa ukuba buphakame kwaye bufike ngokukhawuleza kwindawo yombethe, ukuvelisa amafu yaye, ukuba iimeko zilungile, imvula.
Nje ukuba ubunzima bomoya bunyuke kwaye buphole ukuya kwindawo yombethe, umphunga wamanzi uqala ukujiya kwinucleus yokujiya, udala amasuntswana okuqala angamalwelo. Emva kokufikelela kumlinganiselo othile, la masuntswana okuqala amanzi aqalisa ukungqubana aze anamathelane kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-collision-coalescence. Ngokuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwawo, amafu anokuthi ahlelwe njengamafu abandayo (amafu aphezulu enziwe ngeekristale zomkhenkce), afudumele (amafu aphantsi akhiwe ngamanzi) okanye axutywe (amafu aphakathi enziwe ngamakristali e-ice kunye namanzi). Nangona iqondo lobushushu lingaphantsi kwe-0°C, ilifu lisenokuba namanzi alulwelo. La manzi abizwa ngokuba "amanzi apholileyo" kwaye anokufunyanwa, umzekelo, kumafu aphakathi akhiwe ngamathontsi amanzi kunye nomkhenkce, adla ngokwenza phakathi kwe -35° kunye ne -10°C.
Ukwenza iikristale ze-ice, i-ice core (i-ice core) iyafuneka. Ukufumana umbono wemilinganiselo esixoxile ngayo, ithontsi ngalinye limalunga ne-0,001 microns ngobukhulu (I-micron e-1 sisisigidi esinye semitha). Kwelinye icala, ukwenza ithontsi lemvula elinokuthi lidlule kwi-updraft lize lifike kumphezulu, kufuneka lilinganise ubuncinci be-1 millimeter, ngoko i-nucleus ye-condensation kufuneka iqokelele malunga nesigidi samathontsi.
Kutheni amafu edada?
Amafu anokolula kangangeekhilomitha ngokuthe nkqo nangokuthe tyaba, enobunzima beetoni, kwaye aqhubeke “endanda” emoyeni. Siye sabonisa kwimihlathi yangaphambili ukuba ngenxa yokufudumala, umoya ofudumeleyo ukhuphuka emoyeni, oqhutyelwa yintaba epholileyo okanye enye imimoya yomoya. Umzekelo omhle obonisa ukuqaqamba okunxulumeneyo kwamafu kukuthelekisa ubunzima bawo bubonke kunye nobunzima bomoya akuwo.
Thatha njengomzekelo i-cloudlet eqhelekileyo ene-altitude ye-3000 yeemitha kunye ne-1 cubic kilometer., umthamo wayo wamanzi angama-1 g / cubic meter. Ubunzima bubonke bamasuntswana amafu bumalunga ne-1 yesigidi seekhilogram, ngokumalunga nobunzima beemoto ezingama-500. Kodwa ubunzima bomoya obujikelezileyo kwikyubhiki khilomitha enye bumalunga neekhilogram zebhiliyoni, ubunzima obuphindwe kali-1000 XNUMX kunolwelo! Ngoko ke nangona amafu aqhelekileyo equlethe amanzi amaninzi, ngenxa yokuba ubunzima bawo bungaphantsi kobomoya ojikelezileyo, abonakala edada esibhakabhakeni, eshukuma kumphakamo ofanayo njengoko umoya uhamba.
Iindidi zamafu
Sakuba sisazi ukuba amafu enziwe ngantoni, simele sazi ukuba luhlobo luni na. Amafu anokubonwa ngeliso lenyama kwaye ahlelwa ngokwenkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe eyadalwa ngo-1803 ngusokhemisti waseBritane kunye nesazi ngemozulu esisafundayo uLuke Howard, owahlela amafu ngokweendidi ezine eziphambili okanye iifom:
- i-cirriformis, amafu e-cirrus, aphakanyisiweyo, iintsiba ezimile okwe-beam ezenziwe ngeekristale zomkhenkce;
- Stratiform, istratus, iingqimba zamafu ezisoloko zizisa imvula engayekiyo;
- i-nimbiforms, i-nimbuses, amafu akwazi ukwenza imvula;
- cumuliforms, i-cumulus, amafu akhukhumeleyo asekwe emcaba anqumla isibhakabhaka sasehlotyeni.
Iinkqubo zangoku zokuhlela ifu zibandakanya ukudibanisa okuninzi kunye nokwahlulahlula kwezi ndidi ezine ezisisiseko. Xa isazi ngemozulu sithetha ngemvula, ibhekisa kwimvula, ikhephu, okanye naluphi na uhlobo lwamanzi angamanzi okanye aqinileyo athi ahla okanye awe esibhakabhakeni. Ukuna kwemvula kulinganiswa ngeegeyiji zemvula. Eyona geyiji ilula yemvula sisikhongozelo esimacala athe tye esinesikali okanye irula yokulinganisa ubunzulu bamanzi awela kuso. Uninzi lwezi zixhobo zigxininisa imvula ibe ityhubhu emxinwa ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo amanani amancinci emvula. Njengezinye izixhobo zemozulu, igeyiji yemvula inokwenziwa ukuze kubhalwe imilinganiselo yayo ngokuqhubekayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni amafu enziwe kunye nendlela akhiwe ngayo.