Phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo eatmosfera, umaleko omnye uneyona ozone iphambili kuyo yonke iplanethi. Olu lubizwa ngokuba ngumaleko we-ozone. Lo mmandla ubekwe kwi-stratosphere kwindawo ephakame malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-60 kwaye unefuthe eliyimfuneko kubomi eMhlabeni. Njengokuba abantu bekhuphela iigesi ezithile eziyingozi emoyeni, lo maleko uye wehla, ubeka ubomi bawo esichengeni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kubonakala ngathi iyalungisa. Abantu abaninzi abasazi kakuhle Uthini umaleko weozone.
Ke ngoko, siza kulinikela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele ukuba luyintoni uluhlu lweozone, zithini iimpawu zalo kunye nemeko yangoku kuyo.
Uthini umaleko weozone
Ukuqala ukuqonda indima yomaleko we-ozone, kufuneka siqale siqonde uhlobo lwerhasi eyenzayo: igesi yeozone. Ifomula yayo yamachiza yi-O3, eyi-isotope yeoksijini, ifom ekhoyo kwindalo.
I-ozone yirhasi leyo ibola ibe yioksijini eqhelekileyo kubushushu obuqhelekileyo noxinzelelo. Ngokufanayo, ikhupha ivumba lesalfure elitsarhayo kwaye umbala uthambile oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuba i-ozone ifunyenwe kumphezulu womhlaba, iya kuba yityhefu kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, ikhona ngokwemvelo kumaleko we-ozone, ukuba akukho xi iphezulu kangaka kule gesi kwi-stratosphere, ngekhe sikwazi ukuphuma.
I-ozone ngumkhuseli obalulekileyo wobomi emhlabeni. Kungenxa yokuba inomsebenzi wokucoca ulwelo ngokuchasene nemitha yelanga ye-ultraviolet. Ukhathalela ukufunxa ikakhulu imitha kwelanga ukuba kumaza phakathi 280 no 320 NM.
Xa imitha yelanga ye-ultraviolet ibetha i-ozone, iimolekyuli ziyehla ziye kwioksijini ye-athomu kunye neoksijini eqhelekileyo. Xa ioksijini eqhelekileyo kunye neoksijini ye-athomu zidibana kwakhona kwi-stratosphere, ziphinda zidibanise ukwenza iimolekyuli ze-ozone. Ezi mpendulo zihlala zihlala kwi-stratosphere, kwaye i-ozone kunye neoksijini zihlala ngaxeshanye.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-ozone yirhasi enokufunyanwa kufutshane nezaqhwithi zombane kunye nezixhobo ezinamandla aphezulu okanye iintlantsi. Umzekelo, kumxube, i-ozone iveliswa xa oonxibelelwano ngebrashi bevelisa iintlantsi. Inokuchongwa ngokulula livumba.
Le gesi iyakwazi ukujija kwaye ivele njengolwelo oluhlaza olungazinzanga kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iyabanda, iya kubonakala imnyama emfusa. Kula mazwe mabini, Yinto eqhushumbayo kakhulu ngenxa yomthamo wayo omeleleyo we-oxidation. Xa i-ozone ibola iye kwi-chlorine, iyakwazi ukonyusa uninzi lwezinyithi kwaye, nangona ingxinano yayo incinci kakhulu emhlabeni (malunga ne-20 ppb), iyakwazi ukwenza izinyithi.
Inzima kwaye isebenza ngakumbi kuneoksijini. Ikwanayo i-oxidizing ngakumbi, yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa njengesibulali-ntsholongwane kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, ngenxa ye-oxidation yebhaktiriya eyenzayo. Isetyenzisiwe Ukucoca amanzi, ukutshabalalisa izinto eziphilayo, okanye umoya ezibhedlele, iinkwili, njalo
Imvelaphi yomaleko weozone
Igama "umaleko we-ozone" uqobo aluqondwa ngokubanzi. Oko kukuthi, ingqikelelo ekhoyo kukuba kubude obuthile be-stratosphere kukho uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-ozone egubungela nokukhusela uMhlaba. Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kubonisiwe ngokungathi isibhakabhaka sigutyungelwe luluhlu olunamafu.
Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo. Inyani yile yokuba i-ozone ayigxininiswanga kuludwe, kwaye ayifumaneki kubude obuthile, kodwa yirhasi enqabileyo exutywe kakhulu emoyeni kwaye, ukongeza, ivela emhlabeni ukuya ngaphaya kwe-stratosphere. Into esiyibiza ngokuba "ngumaleko we-ozone" yindawo ye-stratosphere apho uxinzelelo lweemolekyuli ze-ozone luphezulu kakhulu (amasuntswana ambalwa kwisigidi) kwaye liphezulu kakhulu kunezinye i-ozone ephezulu. Kodwa ukuxinaniswa kwe-ozone xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iigesi ezisemoyeni, njenge-nitrogen, yinto encinci.
I-ozone iveliswa ikakhulu xa iimolekyuli zeoksijini zifumana isixa esikhulu samandla. Xa oku kusenzeka, ezi molekyuli zijika zibe zii-atomic oxygen radicals. Le gesi ayizinzanga kakhulu, ke xa idibana nenye imolekyuli yeoksijini eqhelekileyo, iya kudibanisa ukwenza i-ozone. Oku kusabela kwenzeka rhoqo kwimizuzwana emibini okanye njalo.
Kule meko, umthombo wamandla weoksijini eqhelekileyo yimitha yelanga evela elangeni. Imitha ye-Ultraviolet ngunobangela wokubola kweoksijini yeeoyile kwioksijini yeatom. Xa ii-athomu kunye neemolekyuli zeoksijini yeemolekyuli zidibana kwaye zenza i-ozone, itshatyalaliswa yimitha yelanga ngokwayo.
Kwisangqa se-ozone, iimolekyuli ze-ozone, ioksijini yeemolekyuli, kunye neoksijini yeatom zihlala zisenziwa zize zonakaliswe. Ngale ndlela, kukho ulungelelwaniso olunamandla apho i-ozone yonakaliswa yenziwa.
Umngxunya kumaleko weozone
Lo mngxunya kumaleko we-ozone kukuthoba uxinzelelo lwento kwindawo ethile. Ke ngoko, kule ndawo imitha yelanga eyingozi ingena kumphezulu wethu. Umngxunya ubekwe ezipalini, nangona kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni kubonakala ngathi uyachacha. Xa iphola kwenye ipali, kubonakala ngathi ithoba isidima kwelinye. Le nkqubo yenzeka ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukuwohloka kwe-ozone kwenzeka kokubini ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwendalo ngenxa yentsimi ye-electromagnetic yeplanethi kunye nokunxibelelana okwenziwa ngabantu. Ubuntu, enkosi kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nemisebenzi yoshishino, ikhupha izixa ezikhulu zeegesi ezingcolisayo ezitshabalalisa iimolekyuli zeozone.
Ukukhuselwa
Ukukhusela umaleko we-ozone, oorhulumente kwihlabathi liphela kufuneka baseke amanyathelo okunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezi gesi ziyingozi. Ngaphandle koko, izityalo ezininzi zinokubandezeleka kwimitha yelanga, umhlaza wolusu uya kunyuka, kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinzulu zokusingqongileyo ziya kubakho.
Kwinqanaba lomntu ngamnye, njengabemi, into onokuyenza kukuthenga iimveliso ze-aerosol ezingenazo okanye ezenziwe ngamasuntswana atshabalalisa i-ozone. Phakathi kweerhasi ezitshabalalisayo kule molekyuli zezi:
- Ii-CFCs (i-chlorofluorocarbons). Zezona zonakalisayo kwaye zikhutshwa ngohlobo lweerosol. Banobomi obude kakhulu emoyeni kwaye, ke ngoko, abo bakhululwa embindini wenkulungwane yama-XNUMX basenza umonakalo.
- I-hydrocarbon e-Halogen. Le mveliso ifumaneka kwizicimi-mlilo. Into elungileyo kukuqiniseka ukuba isicima-mlilo esisithengayo asinayo le gesi.
- Imethyl bromide. Yisibulala-zinambuzane esisetyenziswa kumasimi emithi. Xa ikhutshelwe kwindalo esingqongileyo itshabalalisa iozone. Indawo efanelekileyo ayithengi ifanitshala eyenziwe ngale mithi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba luyintoni uluhlu lweozone.