Ungcoliseko lomoya ezidolophini yenye yezinto eziphambili ekulweni nengxaki yemozulu. Impembelelo yayo kwimpilo ineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo zentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. I ungcoliseko eMadrid kubangela ukufa kwamawaka nyaka ngamnye okunxulunyaniswa nako. Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo athatyathiweyo ukunqanda ukungcoliseka komoya akanayo impembelelo ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni umgangatho womoya.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga nemiba esisiseko yongcoliseko eMadrid, imeko yangoku kunye nendlela enokuguqulwa ngayo.
Ungcoliseko eMadrid
Umgangatho womoya kwikomkhulu laseSpain uchaphazeleke kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokuhamba, ishishini kunye nemozulu Enye yeempembelelo eziphambili zongcoliseko eMadrid kukubonakala kwezifo zokuphefumula. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kumanqanaba aphezulu ongcoliseko kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinje ibronchitis, isifuba kunye nesifo esingapheliyo semiphunga (COPD). Ezi zifo zinokuchaphazela kakhulu umgangatho wobomi babantu abathwaxwa zizo kwaye kwezinye iimeko zinokude zibulale.
Ukuncitshiswa kokubonakala yinto ethe yathandeka ngakumbi esixekweni. Amanqanaba aphezulu amasuntswana emoyeni anokwenza kube nzima ukubona ngokucacileyo, nto leyo enokuba yingozi kubaqhubi nabahambi ngeenyawo. La masuntswana omoya angcolisekileyo angachaphazela umgangatho wezikhumbuzo zembali kunye nezakhiwo, ezikhokelela kwimpembelelo embi kukhenketho kunye noqoqosho lwengingqi.
Ungcoliseko kwakhona inefuthe elibi kwindalo nakwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezingcolisekileyo kunethuba eliphezulu lehlabathi elineasidi namanzi, nto leyo enokuchaphazela izityalo nezilwanyana. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu, kunokubangela imvula eneasidi, enemiphumo emibi kakhulu kwizityalo nakumahlathi ajikelezileyo.
Uqoqosho lukwachatshazelwa kungcoliseko lwaseMadrid. Kwaye kukuba iinkampani ziyachatshazelwa yi izithintelo ekuhambeni kwezithuthi kunye nesibophelelo sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kongcoliseko. Kule nto songeza ukuba ukhenketho lunokwehla ngenxa yomgangatho ophantsi womoya kunye nokunciphisa ukubonakala, ngoko ke uqoqosho lunokuchaphazeleka kakhulu.
Iziphumo zongcoliseko eMadrid
Ukukhutshwa kweegesi eziyityhefu, ikakhulu initrogen dioxide (NO2) kunye namasuntswana axhonyiweyo, kuneziphumo ezibi kwimpilo nakwimekobume. Ngokuphathelele impilo, ukungcoliseka komoya kunokubangela izifo zokuphefumula, ezifana ne-asthma, i-bronchitis okanye i-pneumonia, kunye nesifo senhliziyo, phakathi kwabanye. Ngaphandle koko, iziphumo ziyingozi kakhulu kumaqela asengozini kakhulu, njengabantwana, abantu abadala okanye abantu abaneengxaki zempilo zangaphambili.
Enye yezona ziphumo zicacileyo zongcoliseko eMadrid into ebizwa ngokuba yi "smog berets", umaleko wamafu aphantsi abonakala ngathi agubungele isixeko. Ezi "berets" zibangelwa ziigesi ezingcolisayo ezivaleleke kwi-atmosfera kwaye, ezongezelelweyo kwezinye izinto, ezifana nokuguqulwa kwe-thermal, kubangela ukuba ilifu longcoliseko lingasasazeki.
Izingcolisi eziphambili kunye nokugxila kwazo
Nitrogen dioxide
Umda wonyaka wongcoliseko lwenitrogen dioxide umyinge woxinzelelo wonyaka wama-40 eemicrogram zongcoliseko ngecubic meter yomoya (μg/m3). Idatha evela kwi-Madrid Pollution Measurement Network ibonisa ukuba kwi-2022 akukho nasinye sezikhululo ze-24 ezilinganisa le nkunkuma edlula umda wonyaka. Esona siqhelo sokumisa izithuthi, iPlaza Elíptica, sibhaliswe kuphela ngama-40 µg/m3, ukufikelela kulo mda. Iminyaka emibini edlulileyo, i-2020 kunye ne-21, ibhalise i-41 µg/m3, ngoko ngelixa kunokwenzeka ukuthobela umthetho, ukuphuculwa kuncinci. Oku kuhla ngokuqinisekileyo kuchatshazelwa kukuba ngoNovemba nangoDisemba ka-2022, iinyanga ezimbini ezihlala zirekhoda ii-anticyclones kunye nencopho yongcoliseko, zazinemvula kakhulu.
Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imeko apho ukubonakaliswa kwezikhululo zokulinganisa ukungcola kunokuphinda kuphindwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesixeko. Ngaloo ndlela, umzekelo, isikhululo sePlaza Elíptica simele umgangatho womoya orekhodiweyo malunga nokungena kwindlela enkulu ye-metropolitan (A-42), njengoko ijikeleze isango laseMadrid ukusuka kwezinye iindlela ezinkulu.
Amasuntswana amisiweyo
Idatha eqokelelwe ngo-2022 ibonisa ukuba imeko yokungcolisa iye yaba mandundu xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka edlulileyo. Ngaphandle kokuthotyelwa kwemida yomthetho yangoku, inyaniso kukuba izikhululo ezisi-8 kwezili-13 ezilinganisa i-PM10 kunye ne-avareji yothungelwano ingaphezulu komda wonyaka ecetywayo kumthetho weYurophu wexesha elizayo (20 μg/m3). Zonke iisayithi zigqithise ixabiso elicetyiswayo le-WHO (15 µg/m3).
Ngokuphathelele amasuntswana e-PM2,5, i-Plaza Elíptica, esinye sezikhululo ezisibhozo kuthungelwano olulinganisa olu ngcoliso, lugqithise umda wonyaka womthetho (10 μg/m3) ocetywayo kumthetho wexesha elizayo waseYurophu. Zonke iisayithi zigqithise kakhulu ixabiso elicetyiswayo le-WHO langoku (5 μg/m3).
tropospheric ozone
Imeko enale ngcoliso ayiphucukanga nayo. Ngo-2022, isayithi ezintathu kwezili-12 ze-O3 zigqithise ixabiso leeyure ezisibhozo ekujoliswe kuzo (120 µg/m3), zigqitha kumaxesha angama-25 avunyelwe yimimiselo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthetho useka umda wokubonelelwa kolwazi kuluntu (180 μg/m3 ngeyure enye). Ngo-2022, Indawo ezi-5 kwezili-12 ezilinganisa ungcoliseko lwe-O3 zichaze ukunyhashwa kwalo mda wokunika ingxelo: El Pardo (i-4 amaxesha adlulileyo), i-Plaza del Carmen (i-3 amaxesha), i-Villaverde (i-1 ixesha), i-Escuelas Aguirre (ixesha eli-1) kunye ne-Barajas Pueblo (ixesha le-1). Esi siphumo simele ukuhla okuphawulweyo ngokubhekiselele kwidatha yeminyaka emibini edlulileyo, apho bekungekho zirekhodi ngaphezu kwalo mda. Ukwanda kwencopho yongcoliseko lwe-ozone ngokungathandabuzekiyo kunxulumene nobushushu obumandla obuya kwenzeka ehlotyeni lowama-2022, okuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luphawu olumisela ukuba mbi kwezehlo zomgangatho womoya ophantsi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nongcoliseko lwaseMadrid kunye neziphumo zalo kwimpilo kunye nokusingqongileyo.