Ungcoliseko lomoya luchaphazela abantu abaninzi ngakumbi namhlanje kwaye oku kuyakhathaza kakhulu, kuba ibangela malunga ne-16.000 yokufa ngaphambi kwexesha ngonyaka eSpain. Kukho abantu "abangaluboni" ungcoliseko, ukanti siyaqhubeka siluphefumla.
Kwelinye icala, zininzi izifundo ezithi zibonakalise umonakalo omkhulu oveliswa ngumoya ojikeleze imeko-bume kwindalo, kunciphisa izityalo nezilwanyana kunye nokuphelisa amandla okuzala kweentaka. Wenza ntoni ngokuchasene nongcoliseko?
Ungcoliseko lomoya
Nangona kunjalo Izinga lokungcola eSpain liye lehla (Siyayazi le nto kuba ngaphambili bekukho iindawo ezingama-49 ezigqithe kwimida yamasuntswana amisiweyo kwaye ngoku zine kuphela okanye zintlanu iindawo), akukho nzame zaneleyo zokunciphisa le ngozi kwimpilo yabantu nakwizinto eziphilayo.
Ungcoliseko lomoya luyenzakalisa impilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo kwaye yingxaki yendawo, yengingqi nakwamanye amazwe, kodwa yintoni imvelaphi kunye nokwakhiwa kwayo.
Imithombo yongcoliseko
Kukho imithombo eyahlukeneyo engcolisa indalo kunye nemvelaphi yomntu: ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha eefossil ukwenza amandla okanye ukuhambisa; iinkqubo zoshishino; ukulima; unyango lwenkunkuma; kunye nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okanye uthuli olubethwa ngumoya.
Kuxhomekeka kwimvelaphi yongcoliseko, enye okanye olunye uhlobo longcoliseko lwenziwa emoyeni. Iidolophu zaseSpain zineentlobo ezine eziphambili zamasuntswana: amasuntswana anqunyanyisiweyo (PM10 kunye ne-PM2.5), i-nitrogen oxide, i-ozone kunye ne-polycyclic hydrocarbon ezinamakha.
Kuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka esikulo, ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zikhona ngakumbi kwaye ezinye zinqabile. Ukuze ube nombono ocacileyo, ngoku, kule nyanga ka-Novemba, amasuntswana angcolisa kakhulu kwaye aphambili ngamasuntswana okumiswa. La masuntswana zezona zinobungozi ebantwini, kuba banako ukungena kwi-alveoli yethu yemiphunga.
Ingxelo yakutshanje evela kwi-Arhente yokusiNgqongileyo yaseYurophu inika uphawu kwi-PM2.5 iyonke I-400.000 yokufa ngaphambi kwexesha ngonyaka kumazwe angama-28 e-European Union; Ukufa kwabantu abayi-16.000 eSpain. I-35% yemvelaphi yala masuntswana isezimotweni, i-20% kushishino kunye ne-15% kulwakhiwo.
Ukusasazeka kongcoliseko
Ungcoliseko lunemithombo yalo yokusasazeka. Ngamanye amagama, nangona singcolisa, amasuntswana awahlali ehlala ezinzile kwindawo yemvelaphi, kodwa endaweni yoko athi saa kwiindawo zonke. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa inani lamasuntswana asichaphazelayo thina bantu.
Ukusasazeka kuvela emvuleni nasemoyeni. Ngoku, ukunqongophala kwemvula kukwathetha ukuba ungcoliseko alusasazeki ngokulula. Ukongeza, kukho kwakhona ukunqongophala komoya kunye nokungena kwe-thermal. Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke loo nto, kungenxa yoku kuguqulwa kwe-thermal ukuba ayikho enye into kwaye ayikho enye into engaphantsi kwendawo kwi-troposphere apho iqondo lobushushu linganciphi ngenxa yokuphakama. Oku kubangela ukuba iplagi yenze ukuthintela umoya ekuphumeni nasekucoceni umoya ojikeleze umhlaba.
Ungcoliseko aluxhomekeke kuphela ekukhutshweni, kodwa nakwimozulu. Ngokucacileyo, ukuba asizikhuphi iigesi akunakubakho ungcoliseko, kodwa kuyinyani ukuba imeteorology inoxanduva lokuhamba komoya, imvula, njl. Kwaye oko kunceda ukusasaza ungcoliseko oluvela kwiindawo apho kukho uxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Ukuba iziqendu zembalela ezibangelwe kukutshintsha kwemozulu okanye amaza obushushu ayonyuka I-ozone kulindeleke ukuba inyuke. I-ozone kumphezulu ibangela ukonakala kolusu kunye neengxaki zokuphefumla. I-ozone sisidlelane sethu kuphela xa ifunyenwe kwi-stratosphere kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi "ozone layer".
Nangona kunjalo, uphawula ukuba kule minyaka idlulileyo iSpain iye yenza inkqubela phambili ngokubanzi ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko; kuncinci kwicandelo le-nitrogen oxide apho, nangona amanqanaba ancitshisiwe ngama-30% eMadrid okanye eBarcelona, Umthetho awukathotyelwa: akwanelanga ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa okuveliswa ziimoto, kodwa into ekufuneka incitshisiwe linani labo ngqo.
Njengoko ubona, kusekho iinzame ezininzi zokufezekisa.