Imbali kunye nokuvela kwamandla omoya: Ukusuka kwi-windmill ukuya kwi-injini yomoya

• Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omoya kwaqala kumaxesha amandulo ngeenqanawa zokuhamba ngeenqanawa kunye nezixhobo zokusila zokunkcenkceshela kunye nokusila.
• Ngexesha lenkulungwane yama-20, inkqubela phambili kwiiinjini zomoya yonyuse ukuveliswa kombane kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni zase-US naseYurophu.
• Ingxaki ye-oyile ngeminyaka yoo-70 yaphembelela ukuvela kwakhona kwamandla omoya njengokhetho olusebenzayo.

Kule mihla amandla omoya Ngomnye wemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo esetyenziswayo ehlabathini. Uphuhliso lwayo lobuchwephesha luqhubele phambili kakhulu kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo, ibe yenye yezona teknoloji zisebenzayo ekuveliseni amandla acocekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa komoya kudala njengembali yoluntu. Ubungqina bokuqala bokusetyenziswa kwamandla omoya bubuyela kwi-3000 BC, xa iinqanawa ezihamba ngenqanawa zazisetyenziswa kumlambo iNayile, kunye nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC ngexesha lolawulo lukaHammurabi eBhabhiloni, apho inqanawa yayisetyenziswa. oomatshini bomoya Bavumela ukuba kumponthwe amanzi okunkcenkceshela. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga imbali yamandla omoya, ukusuka kwimvelaphi yawo ukuya kwindaleko yawo namhlanje.

Imvelaphi kunye nembali yamandla omoya

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omoya kwimbali kubhalwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye nempucuko. Enye yezinto zokuqala zokusetyenziswa komoya njengomthombo wamandla yayikukuhamba ngenqanawa kunye norhwebo lwaselwandle. Iiseyile zeenqanawa ezazihamba ngomNayile kwiYiputa yamandulo zazisele zisebenzise amandla omoya ukuhamba. Ngokufanayo, kwiMesopotamiya yamandulo kwakhiwe iinkqubo zokuqala zokunkcenkceshela ezazisebenzisa izingqusho ukumpompa amanzi. Ngonyaka we-1000 AD, oomatshini bomoya babesele bexhaphakile kuMbindi Mpuma yaye baqalisa ukusasazeka eYurophu ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi. Omnye wemizekelo eyaziwa kakhulu yimizila yomoya yaseDatshi, esetyenziselwa ukukhupha imigxobhozo kunye namachibi, kunye nokusila ukutya okuziinkozo. Ezi iindawo ezininzi zokusila Yayizizakhiwo ezikhulu nezicothayo, kodwa zangqineka zibalulekile kuphuhliso lwezolimo noqoqosho. Kwilizwekazi laseAsia, ngakumbi e-China malunga ne-200 BC, ukusetyenziswa kwee-windmills kwimisebenzi efana nokumpompa amanzi equleni sele kurekhodiwe. Ezi zixhobo zokusila zaseTshayina zinesakhiwo esithe nkqo se-axis, esahluke kwimodeli ye-axis ethe tye yaseNtshona. Kwangaxeshanye, ePersi, izingqusho zazikwasetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela nokusila ukutya okuziinkozo, nto leyo ebonisa ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi nolwazi lwangaphambili lweengenelo zomoya njengomthombo wamandla.

UkuHlaziywa kwamandla omoya kunye neNguquko yezoShishino

Ngokufika kweNguqu yezoShishino ngenkulungwane ye-19, umdla kumandla omoya wehla njengoko amalahle kunye ne-oyile yafumana umhlaba njengeyona mithombo yamandla ibalaseleyo. Noko ke, oomatshini bomoya abazange baphele tu. Kwiindawo ezikude nezixeko ezikhulu, ngokukodwa ezilalini, izingqusho zazisasetyenziselwa imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo. EUnited States, i iindawo ezininzi zokusila Baye baduma ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1887, ngakumbi kwimimandla yasemaphandleni esentshona yokumpompa amanzi. Ezi zixhobo zomoya, ezinesakhiwo esilula kodwa esisebenzayo, zasebenza njengesiseko sejenereyitha zombane zomoya zokuqala, eziyilwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Enye yezona nkqubela zibalulekileyo zenzeka ngowe-XNUMX, xa uCharles F. Brush wakha into egqalwa njengeyokuqala i-injini yomoya evelisa umbane. Lo matshini womoya wawumkhulu ngokomlinganiselo, unamacangca erotha yamaplanga omsedare ali-144, kwaye nangona ukusebenza kwawo kwakulinganiselwe, yayilinyathelo elibalulekileyo ngaphambili ekuveliseni umbane ngamandla omoya.

Iiinjini zomoya zokuqala kunye nenkulungwane yama-20

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-1931, inkqubela phambili yoyilo lweinjini yomoya yayicotha kodwa iphawuleka. Ngo-100, i-injini yomoya yaphuhliswa e-Yalta enomthamo we-1930 kW, inani elibalulekileyo ngelo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kube ngowe-1940 kunye no-3 apho imveliso yomoya yaqala ukuphunyezwa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni zase-US kunye nezixhobo zomoya ezibonelela ngombane ezifama nasemakhaya. Umvelisi waseMntla waseMelika uJacobs waba nguvulindlela ekuveliseni iiinjini zomoya ukuvelisa umbane kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezinomthamo oyi-1930 KW ngexesha leminyaka yee-1940s. Ngowe-XNUMX, owokuqala ii-windmills ezinkulu e Vermont, eUnited States, nomthamo wokuvelisa kufutshane ne-1 MW. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omoya kwehle kakhulu. Ufikelelo oluxabiso liphantsi kwi-oyile kunye nokunyuka kwamaziko amakhulu asekelwe kumafutha efosili kuthetha ukuba utyalo-mali kubuchwepheshe bomoya lwehliswe kakhulu. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, amandla omoya ahlala esemva de iziganeko zemo yelizwe kunye notshintsho lwezoqoqosho luyibeke kwindawo ebonakalayo.

Ingxaki yeoli kunye nokuvela kwakhona kwamandla omoya

Isiganeko esibalulekileyo esilandelayo kwimbali yamandla omoya senzeka ngeminyaka yoo-1970s ingxaki yeoyile Yabalaselisa ukuxhomekeka kwehlabathi kumafutha ezilwanyana zamandulo ezaba lilitye yaza yavula umnyango wokuphuhliswa kwezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo. Amandla omoya aphinde avela njengokhetho olusebenzayo kunye neenkqubo zophando zaqala ukuphuhliswa kumazwe aliqela njengenxalenye yokukhangela imithombo yamandla acocekileyo. IDenmark yagqama kuphuhliso lwe iiinjini zomoya zanamhlanje ngeminyaka yoo-1980 waza waba yinkokeli yehlabathi ekuveliseni nasekuthumeleni izixhobo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Le nkqubela phambili ivumele ukwehla okukhulu kwiindleko zemveliso kunye nokhuphiswano olukhulu kwimarike yamandla. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, amandla omoya sele efumene indima efanelekileyo kwipanorama yamandla ehlabathi. Iiinjini zomoya ezinkulu nezisebenzayo, eziselunxwemeni nangaphandle, zaphuhliswa ukwandisa imveliso kwiindawo ezinomoya ongatshintshiyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezidibeneyo kunye noyilo lwe-aerodynamic lwee-blades nalo luphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kwezi zixhobo.

Ukunyuka kwamandla omoya kwinkulungwane yama-21

Ebudeni beminyaka engamashumi amabini yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-2019, amandla omoya aye afumana impembelelo enkulu ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Kumazwe amaninzi, igqithise imveliso yombane yezityalo zamandulo zefosili, inegalelo elikhulu ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse. Ngo-564, i-Arhente yaMandla aHlaziywayo yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IRENA) yabika ukuba amandla omoya afakelweyo ehlabathi afikelele kuma-5 GW, emele malunga ne-XNUMX% yombane wehlabathi. Namhlanje, ii-injini zomoya ezikhulayo nezinamandla ngakumbi ziyafakelwa kwiiprojekthi ezingaselunxwemeni, apho iimeko zomoya zivuma ngakumbi. Ezi ndawo zinokuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zombane, owaneleyo ukunika amandla izixeko ziphela. Amazwe afana neJamani, i-China kunye ne-United States akhokele ukuphunyezwa kweefama ezinkulu zomoya, emhlabeni kunye nakumanzi angaphandle konxweme. Amandla omoya abonakalise ukuba yenye yezona teknoloji zithembisayo kwixesha elizayo malunga nozinzo kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla acocekileyo. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka nokuphucuka kunye neendleko zemveliso zisehla, amandla omoya kulindeleke ukuba aqhubeke nokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinguqu yamandla yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ngokunyuka kwemfuno yemithombo ehlaziyekayo, amandla omoya anekamva eliqaqambileyo njengomnye wemithombo ekhokelayo yamandla kwihlabathi jikelele.