Yintoni amandla e-geothermal, iinkqubo zokumisa umoya kunye nekamva

Ngokuqinisekileyo uyazi ukuba yintoni amandla e-geothermal ngokubanzi, kodwa Ngaba uyazi yonke into esisiseko malunga nalo mandla?

Ngendlela eqhelekileyo sithi amandla e-geothermal amandla obushushu asuka kumbindi woMhlaba.

Ngamanye amazwi, amandla e-geothermal kuphela komthombo wamandla ohlaziyekayo ongaphumi eLangeni.

Ngapha koko, sinokuthi la mandla awanamandla ahlaziyekayo njengoko kunjalo, kuba uhlaziyo lwayo alunasiphelo, Nangona kunjalo Ayinakuphela ngokomlinganiselo womntu, ngoko ithathwa njengento ehlaziywayo ngeenjongo ezisebenzayo.

Imvelaphi yobushushu ngaphakathi eMhlabeni

Oyena nobangela wobushushu kumbindi womhlaba ukubola okuqhubekayo kwezinye izinto ezine-radioactive njengeUranium 238, Thorium 232 kunye nePotassium 40.

Omnye we imvelaphi yamandla e-geothermal yiyo ukungqubana kweetectonic plates.

Kwimimandla ethile, nangona kunjalo, ubushushu be-geothermal bugxile kakhulu, njengakwindawo ekufutshane ne iintaba-mlilo, ukuqukuqela kwe-magma, iigiza kunye nemithombo eshushu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-geothermal

La mandla asetyenziswe ubuncinci beminyaka engama-2.000.

AmaRoma ayesebenzisa imithombo eshushu izindlu zangasese kwaye, kutshanje, la mandla sele esetyenziselwe i ukufudumeza izakhiwo kunye nezindlu zokugcina izityalo kunye nokuveliswa kombane.

Ngoku kukho iintlobo ezi-3 zeediphozithi apho sinokufumana khona amandla e-geothermal:

• Amadama obushushu aphezulu
• Amadama obushushu aphantsi
• Iidipozithi zomile zamatye ashushu

Amadama obushushu aphezulu

Sithi kukho idiphozithi ye ubushushu obuphezulu xa amanzi edama efika amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-100ºC ngenxa yobukho bomthombo wobushushu obusebenzayo.

Ukuze ubushushu be-geothermal budale amandla asebenzisekayo e-geothermal, iimeko zejoloji kufuneka zenze ukuba kwenzeke indawo yokugcina amanzi, ezifana nezo ziqulathwe kwioli okanye kwigesi yendalo, eyenziwe nge ilitye elivuzayo, ilitye lesanti okanye ilimestone umzekelo, uthweswe isithsaba ngu a umaleko ongenamanzi, njengodongwe.

Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba afudunyezwe ngamatye adlula kwicala elibheke phezulu kwindawo yokugcina amanzi, apho bahlala bevaleleke phantsi komgangatho ongenamanzi.

Xa kukho iintanda Kumaleko angenamanzi, ukubaleka komphunga okanye amanzi kumphezulu kunokwenzeka, evela kwimo yemithombo eshushu okanye iigiza.

Le mithombo eshushu isetyenziswe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwaye inokusetyenziswa ngokulula ukufudumeza kunye neenkqubo zoshishino.

Amadama obushushu aphantsi

Amadama amaqondo obushushu aphantsi zezo apho ubushushu bamanzi, esiza kuyisebenzisa, ikhona phakathi ko-60 no-100ºC.

Kwezi deposits, Ixabiso lokuhamba kobushushu lixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-crust yomhlaba, ngoko ubukho be-2 yeemeko zangaphambili ayimfuneko: ubukho bomthombo wokushisa osebenzayo kunye nokuhlukaniswa kokugcinwa kwamanzi.

Kuyimfuneko kuphela ubukho bendawo yokugcina impahla kubunzulu obufanelekileyo ukuze, ngokuthambeka kwe-geothermal ekhoyo kwindawo exeliweyo, kubekho amaqondo obushushu okwenza ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuqoqosho.

Iidipozithi zomile zamatye ashushu

Amandla amandla e-geothermal es eninzi mkhulu ukuba ubushushu bukhutshwa kumatye ashushu owomileyo, ezingenamanzi ngokwemvelo.

Zibekwe e ubushushu obuphakathi kwama-250 nama-300ºC sele inye ubunzulu obuphakathi kwama-2.000 nama-3.000 eemitha.

Ukuxhaphazwa kwayo kuyimfuneko ukuphula amatye ashushu ashushu, ukuya zizenze zibe rhabaxa.

Ke amanzi abandayo aziswa ukusuka kumphezulu ngombhobho, ukuyivumela ukuba idlule kwilitye elishushu eliqhekekileyo, ukuze lifudumale kwaye emva koko, kutsalwa umphunga wamanzi ngomnye umbhobho ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo lwawo ukuhambisa i-injini yomoya kunye ukuvelisa amandla ombane.

Ingxaki ngolu hlobo loxhatshazo bubuchule bokuqhekeza amatye kubunzulu obunjalo kunye nokugrumba.

Nangona kuye kwenziwa inkqubela eninzi kwezi ndawo kusetyenziswa iindlela zokomba ioli.

Ubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu bamandla e-geothermal

Sinokuqwalasela i umhlaba ongaphantsi kubunzulu obuncinci njenge umthombo wobushushu kwi-15ºC, ihlaziywa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ayipheli.

Ukusebenzisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuqokelela kunye nempompo yokufudumala, ubushushu bunokufuduswa ukusuka kulo mthombo kwi-15ºC ukuya kwisistim efikelela kuma-50ºC, kwaye le yokugqibela ingasetyenziselwa ukufudumeza kunye nokufumana amanzi ashushu asekhaya ukuze asetyenziswe ekhaya.

Kwakhona, impompo efanayo yobushushu inokufunxa ubushushu obuvela kwimo engqongileyo kuma-40ºC kwaye ibuse kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba ngenkqubo efanayo yokuqokelela., ngoko ke inkqubo enokusombulula ukufudumeza kwasekhaya inokusombulula nokupholisa, oko kukuthi, ikhaya linofakelo olulodwa lwe-air conditioning ebanzi.

I-drawback ephambili yolu hlobo lwamandla yi kufuneka indawo yokungcwaba enkulu kakhulu yesekethe yangaphandleNangona kunjalo, inzuzo yayo ephambili yipIthuba lokuyisebenzisa njengendlela yokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu.

Kulo mzobo ulandelayo unokubona iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubamba okanye ukuhambisa ubushushu emhlabeni ukuze busetyenziswe ngokulandelayo ukufudumeza, ukupholisa kunye nokufumana iDHW (amanzi ashushu asekhaya). Ndiza kuchaza inkqubo engezantsi.

I-air conditioning yendlu, ibhloko yeeflethi, isibhedlele, njl. inokufezekiswa ngokukodwa, kuba ayifuni utyalo-mali olukhulu lwenkqubo, ngokungafaniyo nofakelo oluphezulu noluphakathi lobushushu be-geothermal.

Le nkqubo yokusebenzisa amandla elanga afunxwa ngumphezulu woMhlaba isekelwe kwizinto ezi-3 eziphambili:

1. Impompo yobushushu
2. Utshintshiselwano lwesekethe noMhlaba
   1. Ukutshintshana kobushushu ngamanzi angaphezulu
   2. Utshintshiselwano nomhlaba
3. Utshintshiselwano lwesekethe ngezindlu

Impompo yobushushu

Impompo yobushushu ngumatshini we-thermodynamic esekelwe kuMjikelo weCarnot oqhutywa yigesi.

Lo matshini ufunxa ubushushu obusuka komnye umthombo ukubuhambisa komnye obukwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

Owona mzekelo uqhelekileyo ziifriji, aba banomatshini okhupha ubushushu ngaphakathi bubukhuphele ngaphandle, obukwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

Eminye imizekelo yeempompo zobushushu zizipholile-moya kunye nezipholile-moya ezindlini nakwiimoto.

Kulo mzobo, unokubona ukuba i Indawo ebandayo ifunxa ubushushu emhlabeni ngokutshintshiselana kwaye ulwelo olujikeleza kwindawo ebandayo lufunxa ubushushu bude bube ngumphunga.

Umjikelo othutha amanzi ngobushushu emhlabeni uyaphola ubuyele emhlabeni; ukubuyiswa kobushushu bomhlaba kukhawuleza kakhulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indawo eshushu, ngaphakathi kwekhaya, ifudumeza umoya, inika ukushisa.

Impompo yobushushu "ipompa" ubushushu ukusuka kumthombo obandayo ukuya kumthombo oshushu.

Intsebenzo (amandla anikezelweyo/afunxa amandla) Kuxhomekeke kubushushu bomthombo obonelela ngobushushu obungumphunga.

Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zomoya Zifunxa ubushushu obusuka emoyeni, obunokufikelelwa ebusika lobushushus ngaphantsi kwe -2 ° C.

Kula maqondo obushushu i-evaporator ayinakubamba nabuphi na ubushushu kunye nobushushu ukusebenza kwempompo kuphantsi kakhulu.

Ehlotyeni xa kushushu, impompo kufuneka inike ubushushu obuvela kwi-atmosfera esenokuba ikuyo 40ºC, ngayo yena Ukusebenza akukuhle njengoko bekulindelwe.

Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokuqokelela i-geothermal, ngokuba nomthombo ubushushu obungaguqukiyo, ukusebenza kuhlala kulungile kungakhathaliseki iimeko zobushushu bomoya. Ngoko ke, le nkqubo isebenza kakhulu kunempompo yokushisa eqhelekileyo.

Shintshanisa iisekethe kunye noMhlaba

Ukutshintshana kobushushu ngamanzi angaphezulu

Le nkqubo isekelwe kwi zifakwe emanzini okudibana ne-thermal evela kumthombo ongaphezulu kunye ne-evaporator/condenser, ngokweemfuno, zokufunxa okanye ukudluliselwa kobushushu kumanzi axeliweyo.

I-advanteji: izipho kukuba ine-a indleko ephantsi

Umda:  Akusoloko kukho umthombo wamanzi okhoyo.

Utshintshiselwano nomhlaba

Este inokuthe ngqo xa utshintshiselwano phakathi komhlaba kunye ne-evaporator / i-condenser yempompo yokushisa iqhutyelwa ngombhobho wobhedu ongcwatywe.

Kwikhaya, phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-150 yeemitha zombhobho kunokufuneka.

• Inzuzo: ixabiso eliphantsi, ukulula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
• Iintsilelo: amathuba okuvuza kwerhasi kunye nokukhenkceza kweendawo zomhlaba.

Okanye inokuba yisiphaluka esincedisayo xa ineseti yemibhobho engcwatyiweyo, apho amanzi ajikeleziswa khona, athi ke atshintshe ubushushu kunye ne-evaporator/condenser.

Kwikhaya, phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-200 yeemitha zombhobho kunokufuneka.

• Inzuzo: uxinzelelo oluphantsi kwisiphaluka, oluthintela ukuhluka okukhulu kweqondo lokushisa
• Iintsilelo: ixabiso eliphezulu.

Iisekethe zokutshintshiselana ngezindlu

Ezi sekethe ingaba kunye ukutshintshiselana ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokusasazwa kwamanzi ashushu nabandayo.

Utshintshiselwano oluthe ngqo Isekelwe ekujikelezeni umsinga womoya kuwo wonke umphezulu we-evaporator/icondenser kwicala lekhaya lotshintshiselwano lobushushu kunye nokusasazwa kwalo moya ushushu/obandayo kwikhaya lonke, ngemibhobho efakwe i-thermal insulated.

Ngenkqubo yokusabalalisa ekhethekileyo, ukusabalalisa okubandayo kunye nokushisa ekhaya kuxazululwa.

• Inzuzo: Ngokuqhelekileyo baneendleko eziphantsi kunye nokulula kakhulu.
• Iintsilelo: ukusebenza okuphantsi, ukuthuthuzela okuphakathi kwaye kusebenza kuphela kumakhaya asanda kwakhiwa okanye amakhaya anenkqubo yokufudumala yokuhambisa umoya.

Inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi ashushu nabandayo Isekelwe ekujikelezeni ukuhamba kwamanzi ngaphaya komphezulu we-evaporator/i-condenser kwicala lekhaya kutshintshiselwano lobushushu.

Amanzi akholisa ukupholiswa ukuya kwi-10ºC ehlotyeni kwaye afudunyezwe ukuya kuma-45ºC ebusika ukuze asetyenziswe njengendlela yokupholisa umoya.

Ukufudumeza phantsi komhlaba yindlela enentsebenzo engcono kunye nentuthuzelo enkulu Ukusombulula ukufudumeza, nangona kunjalo, akunakusetyenziselwa ukupholisa, ngoko ke ukuba le ndlela okanye i-radiator yamanzi ashushu isetyenzisiweyo, enye inkqubo iya kufuneka ifakwe ukuze ikwazi ukusebenzisa ukupholisa.

• Inzuzo: induduzo ephezulu kakhulu kunye nokusebenza.
• Iintsilelo: ixabiso eliphezulu.

Ukusebenza kweenkqubo zokupholisa umoya

Ukusebenza kwamandla yenkqubo yokupholisa umoya esetyenziswa njengomthombo wobushushu umhlaba ongaphantsi kwi-15ºC ubuncinci I-400% ekufudumeni kunye ne-500% ekupholiseni.

Xa sele kushushu Kukho kuphela igalelo lamandla ombane angama-25% ewonke amandla afunekayo. Kwaye xa isetyenziselwa ukupholisa, ukusebenza kungaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini kwempompo yobushushu etshintshiselwa ngomoya kwii-degrees ezingama-40, ngoko ke kule meko kukho kwakhona ukonga amandla angaphezulu kwe-50% xa kuthelekiswa ne-conditioner yomoya eqhelekileyo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ukumpompa iiyunithi ezi-4 zamandla (umzekelo iikhalori ezi-4) ukusuka kwindawo ebandayo ukuya kwipali eshushu, iyunithi enye kuphela yamandla iyimfuneko.

Kwifriji, kuzo zonke iiyunithi ezi-5 ezipompelweyo, iyunithi enye iyafuneka ukuze impompe.

Oku kunokwenzeka ukususela ngoko ayivelisi bonke ubushushu, kodwa uninzi lwayo lugqithiselwa nje ukusuka komnye umthombo ukuya komnye.

Iiyunithi zamandla esizinikezela kwimpompo yobushushu zikwimo yamandla ombane, ngoko ke ngokusisiseko sivelisa i-CO2 kwiplanti yokuvelisa amandla ombane, nangona kuncinci kakhulu.

kunjalo, Sinokusebenzisa iimpompo zokufudumala ezingezizo zombane, kodwa umthombo wayo wamandla wawuyi-solar thermal kodwa basekwisigaba sokulinga.

Si Sithelekisa le nkqubo ngokuchasene nenkqubo yokufudumala ngokuqokelela amandla elanga Ngokusebenzisa iiphaneli sinokuyibona loo nto inenzuzo enkulu, ukususela ayifuni iibhetri ezinkulu ukuhlawula iiyure zokungabikho kwemitha yelanga.

I-accumulator enkulu bubunzima boMhlaba ngokwawo nto leyo ethetha ukuba sinomthombo wamandla kwiqondo lobushushu elingaguqukiyo, elikwimida yesi sicelo liziphatha njengento engenasiphelo.

Nangona kunjalo, okwenzayo Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokusebenzisa lo mthombo wamandla kukudibanisa kunye ne-solar energy thermal., hayi ukuhambisa impompo yobushushu njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla (naloo nto) kodwa ukongeza ubushushu kwinkqubo, kunikwe ukuba ekufudumezeni nakwizicelo zokuvelisa amanzi ashushu ekhaya, amanzi anokuziswa kwi-15ºC kusetyenziswa amandla e-geothermal kuba kamva, Nyusa ubushushu bamanzi ngamandla elanga.

Kule meko Ukusebenza kwempompo yobushushu kwanda ngokukhawuleza.

Ukusasazwa kwamandla e-geothermal

Amandla e-Geothermal axhaphake kulo lonke iplanethi, ngakumbi ngendlela yamatye ashushu owomileyo, kodwa Kukho iindawo apho inabela khona mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwe-10% yomphezulu weplanethi. kwaye banemiqathango ekhethekileyo yokuphuhlisa olu hlobo lwamandla.

Ndithetha i imimandla apho ku kokukhona kubonakala imiphumo yeenyikima neentaba-mlilo kwaye oko, ngokubanzi, kuhambelana iimpazamo zetectonic ebalulekileyo.

Ezinye zazo zezi:

• Unxweme lwePasifiki lwelizwekazi laseMelika, ukusuka eAlaska ukuya eChile.
• Intshona yePasifiki, ukusuka eNew Zealand, ukuya kwiiPhilippines naseIndonesia, ukuya kumazantsi eTshayina naseJapan.
• Intlambo yokufuduka yaseKenya, eUganda, eZaire nase-Ethiopia.
• Iindawo ezingqonge iMeditera.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo zamandla e-geothermal

La mandla, njengayo yonke into ekhoyo, anamalungu awo alungileyo kwaneendawo zawo ezimbi.

Como ezintle sinokuthi:

• Kufunyenwe zisasazwe kwiplanethi yonke.
• Eyona mithombo yoqoqosho ye-geothermal ifumaneka kwi iindawo ezinentaba-mlilo ibekwe ubukhulu becala kumazwe asakhasayo, enokuba kakhulu luncedo ekuphuculeni imeko yakho.
• Yiyo umthombo wamandla ongenakuphela ngokomlinganiselo womntu.
• Ngamandla ngexabiso eliphantsi oko kwaziwa.

Bakhe ngxaki Ngokuchasene noko ba:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-geothermal kubonisa okuthile iingxaki zokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi, i ukukhululwa kweegesi zesulfure emoyeni, kunye ukukhutshelwa kwamanzi ashushu emilanjeni, edla ngokuba nenqanaba eliphezulu lezinto eziqinileyo.

Nangona ngokubanzi, amanzi amdaka anokuthi aphinde afakwe emhlabeni, emva kokuba, kwezinye iimeko, iityuwa ze-potassium ezithengiswayo zikhutshwe.

• Ngokubanzi, Ukusasazwa kobushushu be-geothermal kwimigama emide akunakwenzeka. Amanzi ashushu okanye umphunga kufuneka asetyenziswe kufutshane nomthombo wawo, ngaphambi kokuba uphole.
• Uninzi lwamanzi e-geothermal akhoyo amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-150ºC ngoko ngokubanzi, akushushu ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuveliswa kombane.

Amanzi anjalo angasetyenziselwa kuphela ukuhlamba, ukufudumeza izakhiwo kunye neendawo zokugcina izityalo kunye nezityalo zangaphandle, okanye njengamanzi ashushu ngaphambili kwiibhoyili.

• Los Amadama awomileyo ashushu ahlala ixesha elifutshane, ekubeni iindawo eziqhekekileyo zipholile ngokukhawuleza, ezibangela ukuba ukusebenza kwazo kwamandla kwehle ngokukhawuleza.
• Los Iindleko zokufakela ziphezulu kakhulu.

Ikamva lamandla e-geothermal

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukugrumba kuphela kunye ukukhupha ubushushu kubunzulu obumalunga ne-3 km, nangona kulindeleke ukuba ikwazi ukufikelela kubunzulu obukhulu, obunokuvumela amandla e-geothermal ukuba asetyenziswe ngokubanzi.

Amandla ewonke akhoyoindlela yamanzi ashushu, umphunga okanye amatye ashushu, ukuya kuthi ga kubunzulu be-10 km; isondele kwi-3.10¹⁷ ithep. Izigidi ezingama-30 ngokuphindaphinda ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwihlabathi jikelele. Oko kubonisa ukuba I-Geothermal energy inokuba yinto enomdla kwixesha elifutshane.

Ubuchule obufezekisiweyo bophuhliso lwemithombo ye-geothermal ifana kakhulu nezo zisetyenziswa kwicandelo leoli. Nangona kunjalo, emva koko Umthamo wamandla wamanzi ku-300ºC ungaphantsi ngokuphindwe kaliwaka kunowo we-oyile, i-capital enokuthi ityalwe ngokwezoqoqosho ekuhloleni nasekugrumbeni incinci kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, ukunqongophala kweoyile kusenokubangela ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi komhlaba.

Kwelinye icala, bekusoloko kunokwenzeka ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ye-geothermal yokuveliswa kombane kwii-alternator ze-turbo ezinobungakanani obuphakathi (i-10-100MW) ibekwe kufutshane nesiza somthombo, kodwa elona qondo lisezantsi lobushushu elinokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane laliyi-150ºC.

Mva nje Iiiturbines ezingena bladeless ziphuhliselwe amanzi e-geothermal kunye nomphunga ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100ºC. kuphela, evumela ukwandisa intsimi yokusetyenziswa kwala mandla.

Kwakhona, ingasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zoshishino njengokucutshungulwa kwesinyithi, ukufudumeza kweenkqubo zoshishino kuzo zonke iintlobo, ukufudumeza kwezindlu zokugcina izityalo, njl.

kodwa mhlawumbi Elona kamva lamandla e-geothermal lisekusetyenzisweni kobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu bamandla e-geothermal, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukulula, iindleko eziphantsi kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye nokwenzeka sebenzisa njengendlela yokufudumeza kunye neyokupholisa.