Yintoni amandla e-geothermal, iinkqubo zokumisa umoya kunye nekamva

Ngokuqinisekileyo uyazi ukuba yeyiphi amandla e-geothermal ngokubanzi, kodwa Ngaba uyazi zonke iziseko malunga namandla?

Ngendlela ebanzi sithetha ukuba amandla obushushu aphuma emhlabeni ukufudumeza amandla ngaphakathi komhlaba.

Ngamanye amagama, amandla e-geothermal ngamandla awodwa amandla ohlaziyekayo angaveli kwiLanga.

Ukongeza, sinokuthi la mandla ayisiwo amandla ahlaziyekayo anjalo, ukusukela ukuhlaziywa kwawo akunasiphelo, Nangona kunjalo ayinakuphela kumgangatho womntu, ke ithathwa njenge inokuphinda isebenze ngeenjongo ezifanelekileyo.

Imvelaphi yobushushu ngaphakathi komhlaba

Oyena nobangela ubushushu ngaphakathi koMhlaba ngu ukubola okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezithile ezinemitha yeathom ezifana neUranium 238, Thorium 232 kunye nePotassium 40.

Omnye we Imvelaphi yamandla aphuma kumandla aphuma kubushushu bomhlaba yiyo ukungqubana kwamacwecwe etektoni.

Kwimimandla ethile, nangona kunjalo, ubushushu be-geothermal buxinene ngakumbi, njengoko kusenzeka kufutshane ne mlilo, magma currents, igiza kunye nemithombo eshushu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane

La mandla ebesetyenziselwa ubuncinci iminyaka engama-2.000 XNUMX.

AmaRoma asebenzisa imithombo eshushu ukuya izindlu zangasese Kutsha nje, la mandla asetyenziselwe i ukufudumeza izakhiwo kunye neendawo zokugcina izityalo kunye nokuveliswa kombane.

Okwangoku zintathu iintlobo zedipozithi esinokufumana kuzo amandla e-geothermal:

• Amachibi aphezulu obushushu
• Amachibi asezantsi obushushu
• Amachibi aselwandle ashushu omileyo

Amachibi aphezulu obushushu

Sithi kukho idipozithi ye ubushushu obuphezulu xa amanzi echibini efikelela amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-100ºC ngenxa yobukho bemithombo yobushushu esebenzayo.

Ukuze ubushushu be-geothermal bube namandla asetyenziswayo, iimeko zejoloji kufuneka zenze ukuba kube nakho ukwenza i ichibi le-geothermal, ezifanayo nezo ziqulathwe kwioyile okanye kwirhasi yendalo, equlathe u Iliwa elingenayo, amatye esanti okanye ilitye lekalika ngokomzekelo, libhalwe ngu maleko manzi, njengodongwe.

Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba ashushu ngamatye adlula ngendlela ephezulu kwidama, apho bahlala bevaleleke khona phantsi komaleko ongenakoyiswa.

Xa kukho iintanda kumaleko angenakulinganiswa, ukuphuma komphunga okanye amanzi kumphezulu kunokwenzeka, ukuvela ngohlobo lwemithombo eshushu okanye igiza.

Le mithombo ishushu ukusukela kudala kwaye inokusetyenziselwa ngokulula ukufudumeza kunye neenkqubo zeshishini.

Amachibi asezantsi obushushu

Iindawo zokugcina ubushushu obusezantsi zezi apho ubushushu bamanzi, esiza kuyisebenzisa, ikhona phakathi ko-60 no-100ºC.

Kule dipozithi, Ixabiso lokuhamba kobushushu lixabiso eliqhelekileyo kuqweqwe lomhlaba, ke ubukho be-2 yeemeko zangaphambili akuyomfuneko: ubukho bomthombo wobushushu osebenzayo kunye nokugquma kwivenkile enamanzi.

Kuphela ubukho kwindawo yokugcina kubunzulu obufanelekileyo ukuze, ngobushushu obukhoyo bomhlaba kwindawo ekuthethwa ngayo, kukho amaqondo obushushu enza ukuba ukuxhaphaza kwayo kube noqoqosho.

Amachibi aselwandle ashushu omileyo

Amandla yamandla ombane es eninzi mkhulu ukuba ubushushu bufunyenwe ematyeni ashushu omileyo, ezingenamanzi ngokwemvelo.

Zikwi ubushushu phakathi kwama-250 nama-300ºC sele inye ubunzulu phakathi kwe-2.000 kunye ne-3.000 yeemitha.

Ngenxa yokuxhaphaza kwayo kufuneka iphule amatye ashushu omileyo, ukuze zenze ukuba zivelise.

Ke amanzi abandayo ayaziswa ukusuka kumphezulu ngombhobho, ukuvumela ukuba udlule kwilitye elishushu elaphukileyo, ukuze ubashushu emva koko, Umphunga wamanzi uyatsalwa ngokusebenzisa enye ipayipi ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo lwayo ukuqhuba iiturbine kunye yenza amandla ombane.

Ingxaki ngolu hlobo lokuxhaphaza ziindlela zokwahlula amatye kubunzulu obunjalo nakwisimo sokumba.

Nangona inkqubela phambili sele yenziwe kwezi ndawo kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokugrumba ioyile.

Amandla obushushu asezantsi kakhulu

Singaqwalasela i umhlaba ongaphantsi kubunzulu obuncinci njenge umthombo wobushushu nge-15ºC, ivuseleleke ngokupheleleyo kwaye ingapheli.

Ngokusebenzisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yokubamba kunye nempompo yobushushu, ubushushu bunokudluliselwa busuke kulo mthombo ngo-15ºC buye kwinkqubo efikelela kuma-50ºC, ize le yokugqibela isetyenziselwe ukufudumeza nokufumana amanzi ashushu acocekileyo okusetyenziselwa ekhaya.

Kwakhona, impompo efanayo yobushushu inako ukufunxa ubushushu kwindalo esingama-40ºC kwaye uyihambise kumhlaba ongaphantsi ngenkqubo efanayo yokubambaKe ngoko, inkqubo enokusombulula ukufudumeza kwasekhaya nayo inokusombulula ukupholisa, oko kukuthi, indlu inofakelo olunye lokudibanisa umoya wayo.

Owona mqobo uphambili wolu hlobo lwamandla yi Kufuneka indawo yokungcwaba enkulu kakhulu yesekethe engaphandleNangona kunjalo, eyona nto iphambili kuyo yipUkubakho kokuyisebenzisa njengenkqubo yokufudumeza nokupholisa ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu.

Kule mizobo ilandelayo ungabona iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka okanye ukuhambisa ubushushu emgangathweni ukuze zisetyenziswe kamva ekufudumaleni, ekupholiseni nasekufumaneni i-DHW (amanzi ashushu acocekileyo). Ndiza kuchaza le nkqubo ingezantsi.

Into yokufaka umoya endlini yendlu, ibhloko yeeflethi, isibhedlele, njl. inokufikelelwa ngokukodwaKuba ayifuni utyalomali olukhulu kwinkqubo, ngokungafaniyo neqondo lobushushu eliphakathi neliphakathi.

Le nkqubo yokusebenzisa amandla elanga afunxwe ngumphezulu woMhlaba isekwe kwizinto ezintathu eziphambili:

1. Impompo yobushushu
2. Isiphaluka sokutshintsha noMhlaba
   1. Ukutshintshiselana ngobushushu ngamanzi angaphezulu
   2. Tshintshiselana ngomhlaba
3. Isiphaluka sokutshintsha kunye nekhaya

Impompo yobushushu

Impompo ubushushu ngumatshini thermodynamic esekwe kumjikelo weCarnot owenziwa yirhasi.

Lo matshini ubamba ubushushu ukusuka komnye umthombo ukuze ubuzise komnye kubushushu obuphezulu.

Owona mzekelo uqhelekileyo ziifrijiEzi zinomatshini okhupha ubushushu ngaphakathi kwaye ubukhuphele ngaphandle, obukubushushu obuphezulu.

Eminye imizekelo yeempompo zokufudumeza izixhobo zokungenisa umoya kunye nezomisa umoya kumakhaya nakwiimoto.

Kule nkqubo, uyabona ukuba Ibhalbhu ebandayo ifunxa ubushushu emhlabeni ngotshintshiselwano kwaye ulwelo olujikeleza kwisekethe yebhalbhu ebandayo luthatha ubushushu de lumphunga.

Isiphaluka esihambisa amanzi ngobushushu emhlabeni siyaphola kwaye sibuyele emhlabeni, Ukubuyiselwa kobushushu bomhlaba kukhawuleza kakhulu.

Kwelinye icala, ibhalbhu eshushu, ngaphakathi endlwini, ishushu ngumoya oyinika ubushushu.

Impompo yobushushu “impompa” ubushushu ukusuka kwibhalbhu ebandayo ukuya kwibhalbhu eshushu.

Intsebenzo (amandla anikezelweyo / amandla afunxwe) kuxhomekeke kubushushu bomthombo obonelela ngobushushu obukhuphukileyo.

Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zomoya ukufunxa ubushushu obuvela emoyeni, nto leyo enokufikelela ebusika lobushushuEzantsi -2 ° C.

Kula maqondo obushushu i-evaporator ayinakho ukubamba ubushushu kwaye i Impompo yokusebenza iphantsi kakhulu.

Ehlotyeni xa kushushu, impompo kufuneka inikezele ngobushushu obuvela kwiatmosfera enokuba ikhoyo 40ºC, Ngantoni ukusebenza akulungile njengoko unokulindela.

Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokubamba komhlaba, Ukuba nomthombo woku ubushushu rhoqo, ukusebenza kusoloko kangangoko ngaphandle kweemeko zobushushu bomhlaba. Ke le nkqubo isebenza kakuhle ngakumbi kunempompo eqhelekileyo yobushushu.

Tshintshiselana ngeesekethe noMhlaba

Ukutshintshiselana ngobushushu ngamanzi angaphezulu

Le nkqubo isekwe kwi beka amanzi kunxibelelwano olushushu ivela kumthombo ongaphezulu kunye ne-evaporator / condenser, ngokweemfuno, zokufunxa okanye ukuhambisa ubushushu kula manzi athethiweyo.

Uncedo: izipho kukuba ine indleko ephantsi

Umda:  akusoloko kukho umthombo wamanzi okhoyo.

Tshintshiselana ngomhlaba

Este inokuya ngqo xa utshintshiselwano phakathi komhlaba kunye ne-evaporator / condenser yempompo yobushushu yenziwa ngombhobho wobhedu ongcwatyelweyo.

Kwikhaya, kunokufuneka umbhobho ophakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-150 yeemitha.

• Inzuzo: ixabiso eliphantsi, ukulula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
• Iintsilelo: ukubakho kokuvuza kwegesi kunye nokubanda kwemimandla yomhlaba.

Okanye unokuba ngumncedisi wesekethe xa ineseti yemibhobho engcwatyelweyo, edlulisa kuyo amanzi, ethi yona itshintshe ubushushu kunye ne-evaporator / condenser.

Kwikhaya, kunokufuneka umbhobho ophakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-200 yeemitha.

• Inzuzo: uxinzelelo oluphantsi kwisekethe, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ukungafani kobushushu obukhulu
• Iintsilelo: ixabiso eliphezulu.

Tshintshiselana ngeesekethe nekhaya

Ezi sekethe unokuba kunye ukutshintshiselana ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokusasazwa kwamanzi ashushu nabandayo.

Utshintshiselwano ngqo Isekwe ekujikeleziseni umsinga womoya ngaphezulu komphezulu we-evaporator / i-condenser ecaleni kwendlu yokutshintshiselana ngobushushu kunye nokusasaza lo moya ushushu / ubandayo kuyo yonke indlu, ngemibhobho egalelwe ubushushu.

Ngenkqubo yokuhambisa enye, kusasazwa ubanda kunye nobushushu endlwini.

• Inzuzo: zihlala zibiza ixabiso eliphantsi kwaye zilula kakhulu.
• Iintsilelo: ukusebenza okuphantsi, intuthuzelo elinganiselweyo kwaye kusebenza kuphela kumakhaya asandula ukwakhiwa okanye anenkqubo yokufudumeza umoya ve

Inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi ashushu nabandayo Isekwe ekujikelezeni kokuhamba kwamanzi ngaphezulu komphezulu womphunga / umbhobho kwicala lendlu ngotshintsho lobushushu.

Amanzi ahlala epholile ukuya kwi-10ºC ehlotyeni kwaye afudunyezwe ukuya kuma-45ºC ebusika ukuze asetyenziswe njengesixhobo somoya.

Ukufudumeza ngaphantsi yeyona ndlela isebenzayo kunye neyona intle ukusombulula ukufudumeza, nangona kunjalo, ayinakusetyenziselwa ukupholisa, ke ukuba le ndlela okanye iiradiyetha zamanzi ashushu zisetyenzisiwe, kuya kufuneka kufakelwe enye inkqubo ukuze ikwazi ukusebenzisa ukupholisa.

• Inzuzo: intuthuzelo ephezulu kakhulu kunye nokusebenza.
• Iintsilelo: ixabiso eliphezulu.

Ukusebenza kweenkqubo zokumisa umoya

Ukusebenza kwamandla yesixokelelwano sokuphucula umoya esisebenzisa njengomthombo wobushushu umhlaba ongaphantsi kwi-15ºC Ubuncinci be I-400% yokufudumeza kunye ne-500% ekupholiseni.

Xa kushushubeza kukho igalelo kuphela lamandla ombane angama-25% yamandla ewonke afunekayo. Kwaye xa isetyenziselwa ukupholisa intsebenzo iphindwe kabini kunempompo yobushushu etshintshana ngomoya kuma-40 degrees, ke kule meko kukho ugcino lwamandla ngaphezu kwama-50% xa kuthelekiswa nomoya oqhelekileyo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ukumpompa ukusuka kwipali ebandayo ukuya kwipali eshushu yeeyunithi ezi-4 zamandla (umzekelo, iikhalori ezi-4), iyunithi enye yamandla iyafuneka.

Kwifriji, kuzo zonke iiyunithi ezi-5 eziponjiweyo, iyunithi e-1 iyafuneka ukuzipompa.

Oku kunokwenzeka ukusukela ayivelisi bonke ubushushu, kodwa uninzi lwayo ludluliselwa kuphela ukusuka komnye umthombo ukuya komnye.

Iiyunithi zamandla esibonelela ngazo kwimpompo yobushushu zikwimo yamandla ombane, ke ngoku sisisiseko sivelisa i-CO2 kumzi mveliso ovelisa amandla ombane, nangona ubuninzi bungaphantsi.

kunjalo, Singasebenzisa iimpompo zobushushu ngaphandle kombane, Kodwa umthombo wabo wamandla wawushushu ngokwelanga kodwa bakwisigaba sokulinga.

Si siqhathanisa le nkqubo kunye nenkqubo yokufudumeza amandla elanga ngokusebenzisa iipaneli siyakubona oko izisa uncedo olukhulu, ukususela ayifuni i-accumulators ezinkulu ukubuyekeza iiyure zokunqongophala kwemitha yelanga.

Esona sihlanganisi sikhulu ubunzima bomhlaba Oko kusenza sibe nomthombo wamandla kubushushu obungaguquguqukiyo, okuthi kububanzi besi sicelo luziphathe ngokungapheliyo.

Nangona kunjalo, eyenzayo Olona khetho lufanelekileyo lokusebenzisa lo mthombo wamandla kukuwudibanisa namandla esola elanga., hayi ukuhambisa impompo yobushushu njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla (nayo) kodwa ukongeza ubushushu kwinkqubo, inikwe ukufudumeza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemveliso yamanzi ashushu asekhaya, amanzi anokuziswa kwi-15ºC kusetyenziswa amandla aphuma kubushushu bomhlaba kamva, anyuse ubushushu bamanzi ngamandla elanga.

Kule meko ukusebenza kakuhle kwempompo ubushushu kwandisa ngokucacileyo.

Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla komhlaba

Amandla ombane asasazeke kwihlabathi lonke, ngakumbi ngohlobo lwamatye ashushu omileyo, kodwa Kukho iindawo apho zinabela khona ngaphezulu kwe-10% yomhlaba kwaye baneemeko ezizodwa zokuphuhlisa olu hlobo lwamandla.

Ndiyathetha imimandla apho ku zibonakalise ngakumbi iziphumo zenyikima kunye neentaba-mlilo kwaye oko, ngokubanzi, kungqinelana iimpazamo zeetekoni ebalulekileyo.

Ezinye zazo zezi:

• Unxweme lwePasifiki kwilizwekazi laseMelika, ukusuka eAlaska ukuya eChile.
• Intshona Pacific, ukusuka eNew Zealand, ukugqitha kwiiPhilippines naseIndonesia, ukuya emazantsi eTshayina naseJapan.
• Intili yokwahlulwa kweKenya, iUganda, iZaire ne-Ethiopia.
• Ingqongileyo yeMeditera.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kwamandla ombane

La mandla, njengayo yonke into ekhoyo, inamalungu ayo alungileyo kunye neendawo zayo ezimbi.

Como ezintle singathi:

• Kufunyenwe isasazwe kuwo wonke umhlaba.
• Eyona mithombo yexabiso eliphantsi yombane ifunyanwa kwi- iindawo ezinentaba-mlilo ikakhulu ibekwe kumazwe asakhasayo, anokuba kakhulu Iluncedo ekuphuculeni imeko yakho.
• Yiyo umthombo ongapheliyo wamandla kumgangatho womntu.
• Ngaba amandla ngexabiso eliphantsi yaziwa loo nto.

Bakhe ngxaki ngokuchaseneyo zezi:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla obushushu bomhlaba kunika ezinye iingxaki zokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi, ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezinesalfhurous emoyeni, kunye amanzi ashushu akhuphela emilanjeni, ezihlala ziqulathe inqanaba eliphezulu lezinto eziqinileyo.

Nangona ngokubanzi, amanzi amdaka anokuphinda abuyiselwe emhlabeni, emva kokutsalwa, kwezinye iimeko, iityuwa zepotassium ezisebenzisekayo.

• Ngokubanzi, Ukudluliselwa kobushushu be-geothermal kwimigama emide akunakwenzeka. Amanzi ashushu okanye umphunga kufuneka usetyenziswe kufutshane nomthombo wawo, ngaphambi kokuba uphole.
• Uninzi lwamanzi afumana ubushushu amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi ko 150ºC ke ngokubanzi, akushushu ngokwaneleyo ukuvelisa umbane.

La manzi anokusetyenziselwa kuphela ukuhlamba, ukufudumeza izakhiwo kunye neendawo zokugcina izityalo kunye nezityalo zangaphandle, okanye njengamanzi afudumeleyo ebilisa amanzi.

• Los amadama ashushu ashushu ahlala ixesha elifutshaneNjengoko iindawo eziqhekekileyo zipholisa ngokukhawuleza, amandla abo asebenzayo ahla ngokukhawuleza.
• Los Iindleko zokufaka ziphezulu kakhulu.

Ikamva lamandla obushushu bomhlaba

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukubhola kuphela kunye khipha ubushushu kubunzulu obumalunga ne-3 km, nangona kulindeleke ukuba ibe nakho ukufikelela kubunzulu obukhulu, apho amandla e-geothermal angasetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Amandla ewonke afumanekayongendlela yamanzi ashushu, umphunga okanye amatye ashushu, ukuya kuthi ga kubunzulu be-10 km, iindlela 3.10¹⁷ ithep. Amaxesha angama-30 ezigidi asetyenziswayo ngoku kwihlabathi. Oko kubonisa ukuba Amandla e-geothermal anokuba yenye indlela enomdla kwixesha elifutshane.

Ubuchule obugqibeleleyo kuphuhliso lwezixhobo ze-geothermal ziyafana kakhulu nezo zisetyenziswa kwicandelo leoyile. Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela Umthamo wamanzi nge-300ºC ngamawaka asezantsi ephantsi kunalawo eoyile, ikomkhulu linokutyalomali ngokwezoqoqosho ekuhlolweni kwaye ukubhola kungaphantsi kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, ukunqongophala kweoyile kunokubangela ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane.

Kwelinye icala, bekusoloko kunokwenzeka ukuba Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yendalo xa kuveliswa umbane kwii-turbo-generators eziphakathi (10-100MW) ebekwe kufutshane neendawo ezinamaqula, kodwa ubuncinci beqondo lobushushu elinokusetyenziswa lokuvelisa umbane yayiyi-150ºC.

Mva nje ii-turbines ezingenabala zenzelwe amanzi aphuma kubushushu bomhlaba kunye nomphunga ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100ºC kuphela, evumela ukwandisa icandelo lokusetyenziswa kwala mandla.

Kwakhona, inokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zeshishini njengokuveliswa kwesinyithi, ukufudunyezwa kweenkqubo zorhwebo zazo zonke iintlobo, ukufudumeza izindlu zokugcina izinto, njl.

Kodwa mhlawumbi Elona xesha likhulu lamandla obushushu bomhlaba kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukwenza lula, iindleko eziphantsi zoqoqosho nezokusingqongileyo kunye nokubanokwenzeka yisebenzise njengenkqubo yokufudumeza nokupholisa.