Pasi redu pane mhando zhinji dzezvinhu zvipenyu, zvingave zvemumvura, zvepasi kana kunyange nharaunda dzemuchadenga. Iyo zvisikwa zvepanyika inzvimbo inowirirana zvese zviri zviviri biotic uye biotic zvinhu. Iyo huru substrate uko hupenyu hunokura ivhu rakabuda Hunhu hukuru hwepakati hunofanirwa kuvandudzwa ivhu sekutsigira kwepanyama. Hechino chikafu uye pekugara izvo zvisikwa zvinoda kuti zvirarame uye zvinopa kuwedzera kune chikafu cheni.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza nezvese hunhu, mashandiro uye kukosha kwenzvimbo yepasi pano.
Hunhu hwehupenyu hwepasi pano
Iyo yakavhurika nzvimbo nharaunda inoisa akateedzana ehunhu pane izvi zvipenyu, zvichikonzera mune mamwe mafomu ekushanduka muzvinhu zvipenyu. Kunyanya nekuti mamiriro epasi pano anokanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze.
Shanduko huru dzakakonzerwa nezvinhu zvakaita sekushisa, mhedzisiro yemadutu uye humidity shanduko. Zvese izvi zvinoita kuti kuchinjika kwezvisikwa zvinyatsooneka munzvimbo ino. Izvo zvipenyu mumamiriro epasi pano ecosystem zvinokura mune svikiro rinoumbwa nemhepo. Iyo yehuremu hwakaderera, hunotapukirwa neshanduko dzakasimba mukushisa uye mamiriro ekunze, uye inogadzirisa kuchinjika kwezvisikwa.
Aya ecosystems anokura kubva pakubuda kwenzvimbo dzepasi, izvo zvinogadzira zvakasarudzika mamiriro ekuvandudza kweecosystems. Pamusoro pekupa rutsigiro rwezvinhu, ivhu zvakare rinomiririra varairidzi vekutanga kupa mvura uye zvinovaka muviri uye rinogadzira yakasarudzika ecosystem yayo.
Iyo yakavhurika nzvimbo nharaunda inokanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze, ndiko kuti, shanduko muzvinhu uye zvinhu zvakaita senge tembiricha, kunaya uye mhepo. Mamiriro ekunze anosiyana zvakanyanya munguva, nzvimbo uye kukwirira mukati megore, zvichikonzera misiyano yemasanganiswa ezvakatipoteredza.
Izvi zvinokurudzira kusiyaniswa kwemarudzi kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana siyana zvepasi pano. Hupenyu hwakatangira mugungwa, saka zvipenyu zvinofanirwa kugadzira nzira dzakasiyana siyana kuti dzienderane nenzvimbo yakavhurika.
Izvi zvinokurudzira kusiyaniswa kwemarudzi kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana siyana zvepasi pano. Hupenyu hwakatangira mugungwa, saka zvipenyu inofanirwa kugadzira marongero akasiyana siyana ekuenderana nenzvimbo yakavhurika. Panyaya yezvirimwa sevagadziri vepakutanga, ivo vakagadzira michina matiki anovabvumira kuti vamire vakamira.
Izvi imhaka yekuti pasi, mhepo inoita seyakarega kupa tsigiro iyo mvura inopa kuti igare yakatwasuka. Vakagadzirawo mahara radicals uye masisitimu ekufambisa emvura kuwana uye kutakura mvura uye zvicherwa.
Saizvozvo, kune gasi yekutsinhana system kuburikidza nemashizha. Kana zviri mhuka, gadzira masisitimu ekufema kubva kumhepo uye pasi-pasi mafambiro masystem.
Mhando dzenzvimbo dzepasi pano
Zvichienderana nerudzi rwemamiriro ekunze aripo uye maruva nemhuka zvinokura, kune mhando dzakasiyana dzezvipenyu zvepasi. Ngatione kuti ndeapi makuru:
Tundra
Iyi biome inogara kumatunhu epasi pano ari munzvimbo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kwepasi kana mune mamwe matunhu ekumaodzanyemba. Mamiriro ekunze akanyanya, ne tembiricha iri padyo kana pazasi pe 0ºC mukati megore rakawanda, uye pane ivhu rakagwamba nechando zvachose.
Izvi zvinogumira mukana wekukura kwehuswa, iyo inoshanduka kuita moss, lichen uye imwe herbaceous marudzi.
Taiga
Maodzanyemba etundra, ecosystems ari kukura mumasango eaconiferous kana boreal. Aya ndiwo masango makuru e coniferous ane anenge asina akasiyana maitiro. Iyo mhuka yakasarudzika kupfuura tundra, ine mhuka hombe dzakadai semhuka dzesango, mapere, mabheya, uye elk.
Sango rakadzikama
Makumi marefu kure nemapango kune sango rakadzikama zvisikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira masango akasvibirira ane mashizha, masango eeconiferous, masango akasanganiswa, nemasango eMediterranean. Iyo yekupedzisira inowanikwa mune yakasarudzika mamiriro ekunze uye inokanganiswa negungwa, yakaoma uye inopisa muzhizha uye inotonhorera munguva yechando. Masango eMediterranean anowanikwa chete pamhenderekedzo yePacific yeMediterranean basin, California neChile.
Izvo zvinoitikawo muSouth Africa nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAustralia. Masango anotonhora akasvibira akagoverwa pamusoro penzvimbo hombe dzeEurasia neNorth America. Miti yekudyara inosanganisira oak, birch, uye beech. Conifers anosanganisira paini, musidhari, musipiresi, musipiresi, uye mujunipa. Kunyangwe iyo mhuka ichigara mune mamwe akawanda marudzi senge mapere, mabheya uye nondo.
Terrestrial ecosystem: steppe
Aya ecosystems anokura panzvimbo yakati sandara ine kutonhora uye kuoma kwemamiriro ekunze, pakati pemasango econiferous kana masango ane hura nemasango akadzikama Ivo vanozivikanwa nekuve akakurisa mhando dzehuswa uye tsanga uye mashoma shrub.
Ivo vanogoverwa mukondinendi yeEurasia, kunyanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeSiberia neSouthern Cone yeSouth America. Pakati pezvisikwa izvi muEurasia, pane mabhiza emusango eMongolia kana mabhiza emusango ePrzewalski uye nondo dzenyoka.
Sango remvura
Mukati mehurongwa hweiyi biome, iyo ecosystem ine akasiyana kwazvo, iine hunyoro masango anopisa uye masango akaoma munzvimbo yayo yezvakatipoteredza. Sango rine hunyoro rinosanganisira makore ane makore kana makore ane makomo nemasango anodziya emvura.
Chete nekutarisa chaiwo masango emvura, senge sango reAmazon, ndipo panogona kusiyaniswa kusiyana kwezvisikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira várzea kana chena yemvura nzizi, zvisikwa zvemasango zvakanyura, nzizi dzemvura nhema uye igapo masango ejecha jena kana masango akanyudzwa.
Moor uye savanna
Iyo páramos ndiyo inopisa tropical alpine shrub ecosystems yeAmerica neAfrica, yakanyanya kugadzirirwa muAndes, iri pakati pe3.800 metres pamusoro pegungwa uye muganho wechando chisingaperi. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekuve neakaderera uye epakati mabhushi uye Ivo vakapfuma mumhando dzakadai semakemikari zvinomera, rhododendrons, uye bhinzi. Iko kune epamusoro-chikamu endemic marudzi pano, ayo akasarudzika kumatunhu aya.
Masayendisiti akati wandei akaparadzirwa musavana, uye yakakosha matrix ibani rakafukidzwa kunyanya nehuswa. Nekudaro, kune akasiyana savanna ecosystems, kusanganisira isina-matanda savanna uye yakavezwa savanna. Mune yekupedzisira, iyo ecosystem inosiyanawo zvichienderana nemhando yemiti yemhando, pamwe nemichindwe. Iyo inoratidzira ecosystem ye Africa savanna.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pechinhu chepasi pano nezvimiro zvacho.