Mune magetsi emagetsi enyukireya, tsvina ine mwaranzi mhedzisiro yekukanganiswa kwenyukireya mumagetsi. Aya marara anogona kuburitsa rakakomba dambudziko rekusvibisa kwezvakatipiwa akapihwa iwo mwero wehupfu uye yavo yakareba nguva yekuora. Kune nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa radioactive marara kudzikisira kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Muchikamu chino tiri kukuudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve radioactive marara, hunhu hwayo uye nekuchengetedzwa kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza.
Mhando huru
Tsvina yemwaranzi inoonekwa sechinhu chero chipi zvacho kana chigadzirwa chemarara, chisingashandisirwi kushandiswa, icho chine kana chakasvibiswa nema radionuclides muzvikamu kana zviitiko zvezviitiko zvakakwirira pane izvo zvakamisikidzwa nebazi rezvemaindasitiri nesimba, mushure memushumo wakanaka kubva kuNuclear. Kanzuru Yekuchengetedza. Kune mamwe maitiro ekugona kupatsanura maradio radioactive, zvinoenderana nehunhu hwayo uye nekwakatangira. Ngatione kuti ndeapi maitiro aya:
- Nyika yepanyama. Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwepanyama, marara anoiswa seakasimba, emvura uye ane gasi. Sezvo marasha ane radioactive anorapwa kana kudzorwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nekuti akaomarara here, ane mvura kana ane gasi, uyu mutemo wakakosha kwazvo.
- Rudzi rwemwaranzi yakaburitswa. MaRadionuclides ari mune radioactive marara anogona kuora nenzira dzakasiyana, zvichitungamira mukubuda kwezvikamu zvakasiyana kana mwaranzi. Kubva nemaonero aya, marara ane mwaranzi anoiswa mu α, β uye γ emissions. Sezvo yega yega mhando yemwaranzi inopindirana nenyaya nenzira dzakasiyana, ichiratidza kureba kwakapinza kwakapetana kana hurefu hwakaenzana, ichisvika kune yakasvibira svikiro, muyero unogadza chinodzivirira, gadziriso yemarara, uye akajairika mamiriro ekuratidzwa nemwaranzi. Munzvimbo yekuchengetera.
- Hafu-hupenyu: Zvichienderana nehafu-yehupenyu hwema radionuclides ari mune marara (kana nguva mushure maizvozvo radioactivity yakave nehafu), kupatsanurwa kwenguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu-marara kunogona kuitwa.
- Chaicho chiitiko: iyi nhanho inosarudza matambudziko epfupi-ekudzivirira, kubva padanho rekuita kwemarara mamiriro ekudzivirira panguva yakajairika yekubata nekutakura.
- Radiotoxicity: Radiotoxicity chivakwa chemarara ane mwaranzi anotsanangura njodzi yayo kubva kune yakasikwa nzvimbo yekutarisa.
Kuraswa kweRadioactive marara
Tsvina yenyukireya inopfuura 90% yeuranium. Naizvozvo, yakashandiswa mafuta (chinyorwa) ichine 90% yemafuta anoshandiswa. Inogona kurapwa nemakemikari uye wozoiswa mune yekumhanyisa inomhanyisa reactor (isati yaitwa padanho hombe) kumisa kutenderera kwemafuta. Mafuta akavharwa anoreva marara mashoma enyukireya uye simba rakawandisa kubva pasimbi mbishi.
Iwo akasarudzika-akararama radioactive masara emarara enyukireya ari nuclides ayo anogona kushandiswa sehuni: zvinhu zve p uye sub-chiito akateedzana. Kana zvinhu izvi zvikapiswa semafuta kuburikidza nekudzokororazve, tsvina yenyukireya inoramba ichingopisa radioactive kwemazana mashoma emakore pachinzvimbo chemazana ezviuru. Izvi zvinoderedza zvakanyanya dambudziko rekuchengetedza kwenguva refu.
Kana mashandisiro ese emagetsi muUnited States akagovaniswa zvakaenzana pakati pevagari vawo uye zvese zvinobva pasimba renyukireya, huwandu hwetsvina yenyukireya iyo munhu mumwe nemumwe achaburitsa gore rega rega ichave 39,5 gramu. Kana isu tikawana magetsi ese kubva kumarasha uye negasi, tinoburitsa anopfuura zviuru gumi zvemakirogiramu ekabhoni dhayokisaidhi gore rega pamunhu.
Iko kunochengeterwa marara ane radioactive
Iyo yekuchengetedza uye manejimendi yenyukireya marara inopa akati wandei matambudziko. Uye ndezvekuti iwe unofanirwa kutsvaga nzira yekudzora kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kudzivirira chero njodzi. Nzira yakashandiswa apo izvi ndezve kubvisa maranzi ane radioactive kuviga zvakadzika pasi. Nekudaro, maitiro aya haasi nyore sezvazvinonzwika.
Tinofanira kuziva kuti kuraswa kwemarara epamusoro-soro enyukireya kunoda udzamu hwakakura nekuti marara aya anogona kuva nenjodzi huru. Kune akati wandei anozivikanwa radioactive marara saiti kutenderera pasirese. Semuenzaniso, maSweden ane nzvimbo muOskarshamn iyo ine yakareba-nguva yekuchengetedza tsvina yenyukireya kweanopfuura makore zviuru zana.
IUnited States yakanga iine chirongwa chemakore mazhinji chiri kuenderera chinodaidzwa kuti Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository muNevada, asi manejimendi aObama akazopedzisa muna 2011. Ikozvino pane zvinopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu zvematani ematani enyukireya inoshandiswa chete muUnited States. Mari iyi iri kuunganidzwa uye vazhinji vanoedza kuita sarudzo dzakasiyana kuti vakwanise kugadzirisa tsvina iyi. Vamwe vanofunga kupfura marara ese ane radioactive muchadenga, vachiaviga mumvura yakadzika, vachipa marara ese mumagirazi echando uye nemhando dzese dzemamiriro enzvimbo.
Kudzokorora uye kugadzirisa zvakare
Sezvaunogona kutarisira, izvi zviri kudzivirirwa sezvo masayendisiti achishanda kugadzirisa dambudziko remarara nekudzokorora nekugadzirisa marara. Kana izvi zvidzidzo nekuferefetwa zvikabudirira, huwandu hwemarara emwaranzi hunogona kudzikiswa inogadzirwa nemagetsi emagetsi ese kusvika ku90%.
Kana 5% yeiyo uraniamu mune matanda enyukireya yazvibata, iyo tsvimbo yese yemafuta inosvibiswa neplutonium uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinoitika mune fission yenyukireya. Aya mabhawa akapedzwa anoshanda kugadzira magetsi, saka anofanirwa kutorwa semarara. Kudzokororazve tsvina ine mwaranzi kunosanganisira kuburitsa zvinhu zvinoshandisika izvo zvasara mukugadzirwa kwesimba. Chinangwa cheaya matekinoroji ndiko kuvhara nemazvo nyukireya mafuta kutenderera.
Nekudaro, pane matambudziko akati wandei ane chekuita nekudzokorora uye kumisikidza marara enyukireya. Pakati pezvinetso izvi zvinosanganisira, chakakosha mutengo uye gakava rekuti nzira idzi dzinobatsira nharaunda here kana kwete. Parizvino mune dzimwe nyika kudzokorora marara enyukireya hakutenderwe.
Isu tinoziva kuti simba renyukireya harigadzi magreenhouse gasi, iyo tsvina inoramba iine radioactive kweanopfuura zviuru zana zvemakore. Izvi zvinomiririra dambudziko rinotyisa kune vese vanhu uye nharaunda.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve radioactive marara uye maitiro ayo.