Masero emhuka ndiwo anovaka zvisikwa zvipenyu. Isero reeukaryotic, sesero rechirimwa, zvichireva kuti ine nucleus, membrane yeplasma, uye cytoplasm. Vanhu vazhinji havazivi zvakanaka chimiro cheiyo sero remhuka nebasa rayo.
Nokudaro, munyaya ino tichatsanangura kukosha kwesero remhuka, maitiro ayo uye maitiro.
Hunhu hwesero remhuka
- Iwo masero eukaryotic, ndiko kuti, genetic content yakaputirwa mu membrane chimiro chinonzi nucleus.
- Vane zvimiro zvakasiyana uye hukuru.
- Kusiyana nemasero ezvirimwa, havana madziro emasero.
- Ma organelles ayo ari membrane compartments mukati memasero ane mabasa chaiwo.
- Vane centrioles, centrosomes, uye lysosomes, izvo zvisipo mumasero emiti.
- Vanowana chikafu chavo kubva kunze.
mhuka sero chimiro
Masero emhuka anonyanya kuumbwa neplasma membrane, nucleus uye cytoplasm. Zvadaro, tichatsanangura imwe neimwe zvakadzama.
Plasma membrane
Iyo plasma membrane ndiyo yekunze kwesero, kuburikidza iyo inomisa kusangana nekunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Iyo ine maviri lipid sheets kana lipid bilayers uye membrane protein. Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda lipids ndeye phospholipids uye cholesterol.
Mapuroteni anobvumira makomboni kubva kunze kwesero kupinda musero uye zvakasiyana. Kune zvakare membrane mapuroteni anonzi receptors. Vanoziva makomisheni kunze kwesero uye vanomisikidza intracellular masaini anokonzeresa mhinduro dzakanangana.
Mabasa e plasma membrane anosanganisira:
- Kudzora kutakurwa kwezvinhu: mvura nemaion (zvakadai sesodium, chloride, uye potasium), maorganic molecules (akadai sehomoni), uye magasi (akadai seokisijeni nekabhoni dhaokisaidhi), uye
- kuziva zvinhu zvekunze kuburikidza nema receptors kutumira masaini muchitokisi.
nucleus uye nucleolus
Iyo nucleus chikamu chesero chinochengeta ruzivo rwemajini muchimiro che deoxyribonucleic acid kana DNA. Inopatsanurwa nenyukireya membrane, inova kaviri-layered membrane ine mazaru, kana ma pores enyukireya, kuburikidza nemakomisheni anopinda nekubuda. Mvura yemukati umo makomisheni enyukireya anoyangarara ndiyo nucleoplasm.
Iyo nucleus ndiyo inodzora uye kubereka pakati pesero. DNA inosunga kumapuroteni uye inoita chromatin. Ruzivo nezvesero basa rinobva kuDNA.
Mukati memukati mune nharaunda umo chromatin uye ribonucleic acid (RNA) zvakaiswa. Nzvimbo iyi, inonzi nucleolus, ndiyo musimboti wekugadzira ribosome.
Cytoplasm
Iyo cytoplasm ndiyo hydrogel-yakafanana yepakati panoitika mabasa mazhinji emasero.. Inoumbwa nemvura, munyu, ions uye mapuroteni, uye inomiririra inenge 70% yehuwandu hwesero.
Uyewo mu cytoplasm mune mafilaments anoumba cytoskeleton, furemu inopa sero chimiro chayo.
mhuka sero organelles
Masero emhuka anoratidza organelles akasiyana uye zvimiro kuita mabasa akasiyana.
Ribosome
Iyo ribosome imwe yeasiri-membrane organelles. Inoumbwa neprotein uye RNA uye inoumbwa mu nucleolus mukati mesero nucleus. Iine zvikamu zviviri kana zvikamu zviduku: subunit hombe kana 60S uye diki diki kana 40S.
Ribosomes mafekitori makuru ekugadzira mapuroteni uye pakati pevadiki vatumwa maRNAs, kutamisa maRNA uye amino acids zvakabatanidzwa kuita polypeptide cheni.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Iyo endoplasmic reticulum ndeye membrane system inoumbwa nemasaga nemavhesi ari padyo nenyukiresi. Nzvimbo yemukati kana yepakati inonzi lumen. Iyo rough endoplasmic reticulum inowana zita rayo kubva pakuvapo kweribosomes pamusoro wayo wekunze. Basa rayo guru ndiko kuumbwa uye kurongedza mapuroteni.
Membrane lipid synthesis inoitika mune yakatsetseka endoplasmic reticulum. Mumasero etsandanyama mune endoplasmic reticulum yakatsetseka, inonzi sarcoplasmic reticulum, apo calcium inochengetwa, iyo inofanirwa kuti mhasuru inobata.
Zvishandiso zveGolgi
Zvishandiso zvinogadzirwa mu endoplasmic reticulum zvinorongwa uye zvakaputirwa mumidziyo yeGolgi. Vesicles kubva endoplasmic reticulum fuse mucis ndege yeGolgi apparatus uye inoisa zvinhu zvavo zvakatakurwa ipapo.
Mapuroteni uye lipids zvinogadziriswa kana "kugadziriswa" mu lumen yeGolgi apparatus, neiyi nzira dzinozivikanwa, dzinoiswa mumapoka uye dzinoendeswa kunzvimbo yadzinoda. Vanobuda nepakati penzvimbo yakachinjika yeGolgi apparatus yakavharirwa mune zvakavanzika vesicles.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria ndiwo organelles ane basa rekugadzira simba mumasero emhuka kubva kuglucose uye mamwe mamorekuru. Iyo kemikari simba remasero iri muchimiro cheadenosine triphosphate kana ATP.
Mitochondria ine membrane mbiri: membrane yemukati uye yekunze membrane. Iyo membrane yemukati inopeta nemukati kuita mitochondrial cristae. Mitochondria ine yavo DNA uye ribosomes ekugadzira mapuroteni chaiwo. Anogona kubva kumabhakitiriya ane phagocytosed nemasero eukaryotic.
centrosome
Iyo centrosome inzvimbo yemasero emhuka anoburitsa microtubules. Inowanikwa mu cytoplasm pedyo ne nucleus. Centrioles, iyo inowanikwa chete mumasero emhuka, inoumbwa pano.
Iyo centriole ine cylindrical muchimiro uye ine mapfumbamwe microtubule triplets, kureva, mapfumbamwe mapoka ematatu mamicrotubules.
Lysosome
Lysosomes ma vesicles kana membrane masaga anogadzirwa muGolgi apparatus.. Ndiyo imwe yemaitiro organelles emasero emhuka sezvo asiripo mumasero ezvirimwa. Iwo ane makomisheni anosvibisa kana kugaya zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana.
Lysosomes ma enzymes anoshanda munzvimbo dzine acidic uye anoputsa mapuroteni, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, uye lipids izvo zvisingachadiwi nemasero. Lysosomes inogona kunzi "marara" processors mumasero.
Kamwe lysosomes inoshanda, masero anogona kudzokorodza amino acids, nucleotides, uye zvimwe zvinhu kuti zvivake masero matsva. Lysosomes inobatanidzwawo mukuparadza vanopinda, kunyanya masero ekudzivirira muviri, ayo ane basa rekuchengetedza muviri.
peroxisome
Peroxisomes ndeye-single-membrane vesicles, kureva kuti, ine imwechete lipid layer. Zita rayo rinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvatinowanzoziva sehydrogen peroxide kana hydrogen peroxide.
Aya organelles akakosha pakubvisa intracellular toxins uye oxidized fatty acids. Hepatocytes inonyanya kupfuma mu peroxisomes.
flagella uye cilia
flagella zvimiro zvidiki-sechikwapuro zviri kunze kweplasma membrane. Vanobvumira kufamba kwemamwe masero, akadai sesperm uye mamwe protozoa. Cilia mapfupi, maumbirwo akaita sebvudzi ayo anoshandiswawo kutamisa maseru kana kufambisa zvinhu kubva mumasero, senge mumhepo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvesero remhuka uye maitiro ayo.