Nhasi tichataura nezvazvo nitrogenous mabhesi. Ndeavo ane ruzivo rwechibereko uye anoumbwa maviri purines uye maviri pyrimidines. MaPurine anozivikanwa seAdenine neGuanine, nepo Pyrimidines inozivikanwa seTymine neCytosine. Troj mune fairies ine kukosha kwakanyanya muDNA yemunhu.
Naizvozvo, isu tichaisa iyi chinyorwa kukuudza iwe zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve nitrogenous zvigadziko, hunhu uye kukosha.
Nyukireya acids
Kana tichitaura nezve nucleic acids isu tinoreva ma biomolecule ayo ari izvo zvine ruzivo rwemajini. Iwo biopolymers ayo ane akaenzana akakwirira mamorekuru uremu uye ayo anoumbwa nemamwe madiki madiki maumbirwo akaumbwa uye ayo anozivikanwa senucleotide. Kana tikazviongorora kubva pakiriniki yekuona, nucleic acids mamorekuru mahombe ayo akaumbwa nemitsetse yemapolymers enucleotides. Ema polymers ese akabatanidzwa ne phosphate ester zvisungo pasina chero nguva.
Mune ino kesi, iyo nucleic acids yakakamurwa kuita deoxyribonucleic acid iyo inogara ichigara mukati memukati memasero uye mamwe ma organelles uye ribonucleic acid inowanikwa mu cytoplasm. Izvo zvinoumbwa nemaketani marefu ema nucleotide ayo akasunganidzwa nemapoka e phosphate. Hapana mhando ye periodicity yakawanikwa pakati peaya ma link. Mamorekuru mahombe anoumbwa nemazana emamirioni ema nucleotide muchimiro chimwe chakafanana. Izvi zvinokonzerwa mwero wekuita polymerization pakati penucleotide inogona kuve yakanyanya kukwirira.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, mapuroteni atinodya kubva kuzvikafu zvakare ari ma polymer ayo akaenzana nguva achienderana nemaamino acids. Uku kushayikwa kwe periodicity kunokonzeresa kuvepo kweruzivo. Masayendisiti akawana izvozvo nucleic acids ndiyo ruzivo rwekuchengetedza kune ese amino acid akateedzana eese maseru mapuroteni. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pane kuwirirana pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi, izvo zvinoratidzwa nekutaura kuti nucleic acids uye mapuroteni ari collinear. Tsananguro yeiyi kusangana kwese inozivikanwa seye genetic code. Iyo genetic kodhi ndiyo inosimbisa kuteedzana kwema nucleotides mukati meiyo nucleic acid inoenderana neamino acid mupuroteni.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti ndiwo mamorekuru ane ruzivo rwechibereko rwezvipenyu uye anokonzeresa kutapurirana kwavo nhaka.
Nitrogen mabhesi
Ruzivo rwechimiro cheiyo nucleic acids yakatitendera kuti tidzidze zvakawanda nezve geneti kodhi yemunhu. Nekuda kweizvi, isu tinoziva mashandiro uye kutonga kweprotein synthesis uye iyo nzira yekufambisa kweiyo ruzivo rwemajini kubva kune masero emadzimai kusvika kumwanasikana masero.
Apa ndipo panotangira kuuya kukosha kwenzvimbo dzine nitrogen. Uye kune mhando mbiri dzema nucleic acids, sezvatataura pamusoro apa. Ivo vanongosiyana pakati pavo neshuga yavanotakura. Kune rimwe divi isu tine deoxyribose uye kune rimwe divi ribose. Izvo zvinosiyaniswazve nenitrogenous zvigadziko zvavari mukati. Muchiitiko cheDNA, isu tine iyo adenine, guanine, cytosine, uye thymine. Kune rimwe divi, muRNA isu tine iyo adenine, guanine, cytosine, uye uracil. Musiyano ndewekuti marongero emaketani enitrogenous mabhesi akasiyana muDNA neRNA. Ipo iri muDNA idzo dzakapetwa kaviri, muRNA iyo tambo imwechete.
Tsananguro uye mhando dze nitrogenous zvigadziko
Isu tinoziva kuti nitrogenous mabhesi ndeaya ane ruzivo rwemagene. Ipo iyo puric uye pyrimidine mabheseni anonhuwirira uye akapfava. Izvi zvakakosha kana tichitarisa chimiro chenucleic acids. Ini zvakare ndinofanira kutakura mupfungwa kuti nitrogenous mabhesi haana kunyungudika mumvura uye anogona kumisikidza kumwe hydrophobic kudyidzana pakati pavo. Ndokunge, ivo havagone kubatanidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe.
Aya maitiro ayo nitrogenous mabhesi anoshanda kudzikamisa iwo matatu-mativi mamiriro eiyo nucleic acids anoumba DNA. Nitrogen mabhesheni anogara achipinza mwenje uye kana iwo ari mukati meiyo ultraviolet electromagnetic spectrum pakati pehunhu hwe250-280nm. Iyi fuma yave ichishandiswa kubvira payakawanikwa nemasayendisiti pakudzidza kwayo uye kuwanda.
Iwo maburi epuric akavakirwa pamhete yePurine. Vanogona kuonwa sezvo vari kite system inoumbwa nemaatomu mapfumbamwe, mashanu acho ari kabhoni uye mana acho ari nitrogens. Iyo Adenine neGuinea zvinoumbwa kubva purine. Pyrimidine nitrogenous mabhesi akavakirwa pamhete ye pyrimidine. Iyo yakati sandara system ine maatomu matanhatu, mana acho ari macarbon uye mamwe maviri maitrogen.
Akagadziridzwa mabhesi uye nucleosides
Iyo pyrimidine mabhesheni akashatiswa zvakakwana kumvura, carbon dioxide uye urea. Pamusoro peiyo purine uye pyrimidine mabheseni atakakurukura, isu tinogona zvakare kuwana akagadziriswa mabhesi. Iwo akanyanya kuwanda akagadziriswa mabhesheni ari 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, uye 6-methyladenine, ayo akabatanidzwa kune mutemo weDNA expression. Kune rimwe divi, isu tinewo 7-methylguanine uye dihydrouracil ayo ari chikamu chechimiro cheRNA, sezvo iine uracil.
Zvimwe zvinowanzo shandurwa mabhesheni ndiHypoxanthine uye Xanthine. Iwo metabolic intermediates izvo zvigadzirwa zvekuita kweDNA ine mutagenic zvinhu.
Sezvo nucleosides, iwo mubatanidzwa wepentose base inoitika kuburikidza neglycosidic bond pakati pekabhoni yeimwe ye ribose kana deoxyribose uye nitrogen yenitrogenous base. Muchiitiko cheiyo pyrimidines ivo vanosunga ne nitrogen 1, nepo mu purines vanosunga ne nitrogen 9. Inofanirwa kutariswa kuti mune ino mubatanidzwa mamorekuru emvura akarasika.
Masayendisiti anoedza kudzivirira kuvhiringidzika muzita remazita ema nucleosides uye nucleosides uye nekudaro, nhamba dzinoteverwa neaproprophe dzinosarudzwa kana uchitaura nezve maatomu epentose. Nenzira iyi, inogona kusiyaniswa neiyo yenitrogenous base.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve nitrogenous zvigadziko uye hunhu hwavo.