Munyika mune zviuru zve mhando dzehutachiona zvakasiyana zvese zvakakosha kune nyika yesainzi uye kumunhu. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine hunhu hwakasiyana uye dzinoiswa mumapoka akasiyana. Mamwe acho anoshandiswa pazvinhu zvehutano, kuvandudza maindasitiri maitiro kana kushandiswa kwavo sezviratidzo zvehunhu hwenzvimbo.
Muchikamu chino tichaudza iwe nezve ese marudzi ebhakitiriya aripo uye maitiro avo.
Mhando huru
Chekutanga pane zvese kuziva kuti bhakitiriya chii. Imhando yehutachiona hunowanikwa kwese kwese uye hunotora mhando dzakasiyana siyana. Ese mafomu aya anoshandira kujairana nharaunda dzakasiyana. Kuwedzera pakuita kuti zvipenyu zvibudirire, zvimwe zvinowanzoenderana nazvo. Semuenzaniso, gadziriro yemudumbu yemunhu inoenderana nebasa rehutachiona. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzagara dzichitsvagwa kuti dzikwanise kupatsanura mabhakitiriya uye nekupa maturusi echikamu chavo uye kuzivikanwa.
Makemikari anonzi mabhakitiriya anowanikwa kwese kwese. Sezvo paine hukuru hwemhando nemhando, zvakabvumidza ese aya mafomu ehupenyu kukolonedza chero chero nzvimbo yepasi. Hutachiona hwave uye hunoramba huri zvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu sekuziva kwedu. Muenzaniso wechiitiko chakakosha che kukura kwehupenyu kuora kwekuora. Ndiyo mabhakitiriya anokonzera kuora kwehupenyu.
Nzvimbo yehutachiona inoumbwa neboka rakakura rezvipenyu. Izvi zvipenyu zviri, kazhinji, unicellular uye prokaryotic. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vakaumbwa nesero rimwe chete. Icho chokwadi chekuve prokaryotic chinoreva kuti sero harina membranous organelles mukati uye ayo majini zvemukati anowanikwa akasununguka mairi. Hunhu hwese uhwu hunovasiyanisa kubva kumasero anoumba mhuka, nekuti iwo maseru eukaryotic.
Maumbirwo emhando dzemabhakitiriya
Kunyangwe paine mhando dzakasiyana dzehutachiona pasirese, pane hwakawanda kana hushoma huwandu hwechimiro. Inosanganisira membrane yesero inoitisa kupatsanura zvemukati nekunze. Iyi membrane ine rusero rusvingo runokomberedza membrane yese kuti ipe dziviriro huru uye kugadzikana. Iko kuwanda kweiyo membrane uye rusero rusvingo kunozivikanwa sebhakitiriya cell hamvuropu. Iko pano apo pane misiyano zvese zviri zviviri mukuumbwa uye muchimiro chemhando dzakasiyana dzehutachiona huripo munyika.
Izvo zvinofanirwa zvakare kutorwa mupfungwa kuti kugona kusiyanisa pakati pebhakitiriya hakusi kusiyanisa saizi. Kuitarisa haisi sarudzo yakanaka. Uye ndeyekuti kune mhuka diki diki senge Iwo ari rotifers uye tardigrade ayo anoumbwa nemaseru uye kunyange ane tsinga system.
Vanhu vagara vachitsvaga nzira dzakasiyana dzekuisa zvipenyu uye mabhakitiriya maererano nehunhu hwavo. Nenzira iyi, iwe unogona kuve nemaonero akajairika ezvese zvipenyu zvinoita hupenyu. Kuve nematanho aya ekugona kuziva mabhakitiriya chishandiso chinonyanya kubatsira pakudzidza kwavo, senge mumunda wemishonga. Kuziva maitiro ekuziva bhakitiriya kwakakosha kuziva chinokonzera hutachiona hwechirwere chemunhu. Neichi chikonzero, munhoroondo ye microbiology, kuwanda kwemaitiro ekuti uwane kurongeka kwakanaka kwemasero ese eprokaryotic.
Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekutsanangudza ese marudzi ehutachiona kunze uko. Muenzaniso weizvi zvinoenderana nechikafu chavo, zvinoenderana nekufema kwavo, nekuvapo kana kusavapo kwe enzymatic chiitiko, kufamba kwavo, nezvimwe. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinofanira kusanganisa nzira dzakasiyana kuti dzive nerondedzero yakadzama.
Mhando dzehutachiona
Imwe yemaitiro echinyakare echinangwa anoshandiswa kusiyanisa pakati pemarudzi ese ebhakitiriya aripo zviite mune zvayakaita morphological. Chimiro chebhakitiriya chaingove chakanangana nechimiro chinoonekwa pasi pe microscope. Nekudaro, iyi morphology yakabatsira mukumisikidzwa kwebhakitiriya munhoroondo yese. Mabhakitiriya mazhinji akatumidzwa zita rechimiro chavanotora. Naizvozvo, isu tichaenda kunopindura pamusoro peapi ari akasiyana marudzi ebhakitiriya maererano neakakosha mafomu:
Coco
Rudzi urwu rwebhakitiriya runonyanya kuve nekuumbwa nedenderedzwa yesero hamvuropu. Icho chimiro chinoyeuchidza nekokonati. Kana zvikaonekwa pasi pemaikorosikopu zvinogona kuonekwa semasero akatenderera. Masuwo kune izvi, ari nyore kuzivikanwa uye zviri nyore kuvasiyanisa vese nehukama uye nharaunda yavo. Kune zvakare madiki madiki mukati mechikamu uye zvinoenderana nekuti maseru akaiswa sei. Edza kudzidza nzira iyo yavanoita nayo gadziriro padhuze nepadhuze.
Isu tinoona kuti ega matenderedzwa edenderedzwa anozivikanwa muchimiro chekokonati. Kana tikazviwana maseru maviri akatenderera akabatanidzwa pamwe chete iwo ari diplococci. Kana paine mamwe maunion akaomarara anotanga cheni tinoona kuti iwo streptococci. Chekupedzisira, kana tikaona zvisina kujairika maumbirwo akafanana nesumbu remazambiringa, tinoona kuti inozivikanwa nezita rekuti staphylococci.
Bacilli
Bacilli rudzi runozivikanwa rwehutachiona iyo Iyo yakaumbwa kunge matanda akareba. Sezvo nemhando dzakapfuura dzebhakitiriya, iwo zvakare ane akati wandei madiki. Aya marudzi avo anokonzerwa nenzira iyo masero akarongedzwa. Kana iri sero rega, rinozivikanwa nezita rekuti bacillus. Pane kupokana, kana isu tine maviri maseru akabatana iyo diplobacillus. Mumubatanidzwa wemamwe maseru anokwanisa kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nekuti vanobatana pamucheto vachigadzira cheni kana pamativi achiumba madziro. Mune yekutanga inonzi streptobacilli uye mune yechipiri palisade.
Iyo coccobacillus ndeimwe ine yakati rebei yakatenderedzwa chimiro asi kwete zvakanyanya zvekuti isazove iyo coconut kana bacillus.
Mhando dzebhakitiriya: helical
Iyo ndiyo yekupedzisira mhando yebhakitiriya uye ndiyo inopa ma curvature mune ayo mamiriro. Ivo vanokwanisa kunzwisiswa sekunge vaive mabiriri ayo akazvimonyanisa pavari uye akagadzira helix chimiro. Ivo vanoonekwa zviri nyore uye vanoshandiswa pasi pe microscope nekuda kwechitarisiko chavo. Iwo akapatsanurwa kuita akaomarara uye anochinja mweya. Yokutanga inozivikanwa nezita re spirilos uye yechipiri nezita re spirochetes.. Musiyano mukuru ndewekuti mweya unofamba uye vanoumba envelopu yesero inoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana dzehutachiona nehunhu hwavo.