Makore agara ari chinhu chekudzidza kwevanhu. Chokwadi tichiri vadiki takashamisika makore akagadzirwa nei. Zvagara zvichiratidzika kwatiri semakore edonje ane chitarisiko chakapfava. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kudaro zvachose.
Muchikamu chino tichataura kuti makore akagadzirwa sei, maitiro uye kuti akaumbwa sei.
Ko makore akagadzirwa nei
Mumashoko akapfava, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti gore huwandu hwemadonhwe emvura, makristasi echando, kana zvese zviri zviviri, yakaturikwa mumhepo uye yakaumbwa semugumisiro wehutsi hwemvura mumhepo. Makore anouya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye anogona kusiyaniswa nechimiro uye urefu hwawo.
Kuumbwa kwegore kunoda zvinhu zvitatu zvinoti: mhute yemvura mumhepo, twunhu tunobvumira kuti ikonde, uye tembiricha yakaderera. Mhepo yemhepo inoumbwa nemagasi akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mhute yemvura kubva pakubuda kwemvura, chirimwa transpiration uye glacial sublimation. Asi mhute yakarembera iyi haigoni kuumba makore pachayo. Kuti mhute yemvura iwedzere, inoda "condensation nucleus" kana "aerosol", iyo inongoenderana nechidimbu chine hygroscopic properties (high affinity for water), iyo inobvumira kuunganidzwa kwemvura vapor molecules uye kunotevera kwavo condensation.
Aya anogona nuclei dzakawanda mumhepo uye dzinosanganisira huruva, mukume, tsanga dzemunyu kubva mugungwa uye mafungu anopwanya; uye madota anobva mukuputika kwegomo kana moto. Kana izvi zviviri zvinosanganisa zvawanikwa, mamwe matanho anodiwa kuti uve gore. Mvura mhute uye condensation nuclei inofanira kusangana nekudzikira tembiricha kuti isvike padova, kana tembiricha apo mamorekuru emhute anoshanduka kuita madonhwe emvura.
Imwe nzira yekutonhodza mhepo yakawanda ndeyekumanikidza kumusoro ne convection. Convection inoitika kana zuva rikapisa pamusoro pePasi uye rozoendesa kumwe kupisa ikoko kumhepo iri pedyo. Uhu huzhinji hwemhepo inopisa hunenge husina kuonda kupfuura mhepo yakapoteredza, saka huchakwira nyore nyore nekuda kwebuoyancy, iyo inofanana nepamusoro pesimba rinoitwa nemhepo shoma shoma.
Kudzidziswa
Mhepo yakawanda inofamba yakatambarara (sekumberi kunotonhora) inogonawo kumanikidzwa kupisa kana yasangana nenhongonya yegomo munzira kana kusangana neimwe, mweya inotonhorera. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, horizontally inofamba mhepo yakawanda ichamanikidzwa kusimuka uye nekukurumidza kusvika padova, achibudisa makore uye, kana mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, kunaya.
Kana huwandu hwemhepo hwasimuka nekutonhodza kusvika padova, mhute yemvura inotanga kudzika mumukati memukonzo, ichigadzira zvimedu zvemvura zvemvura zvekutanga. Mushure mekunge vasvika pakukura, zvidimbu zvemvura zvekutanga izvi zvinotanga kudhumhana uye kunamatirana pakuita kunonzi kudhumhana. Zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwawo, makore anogona kurondedzerwa seanotonhora (makore marefu akaumbwa nekristaro echando), anodziya (makore madiki anoumbwa nemvura) kana kusanganiswa (makore ari pakati nepakati anoumbwa nemakristasi echando nemvura). Kunyange zvazvo tembiricha iri pasi pe 0°C, gore rinogona kunge riine mvura yemvura. Mvura iyi inonzi "supercooled water" uye inogona kuwanikwa, semuenzaniso, mumakore ari pakati nepakati anoumbwa nemadonhwe emvura neaizi, izvo zvinowanzoita pakati -35° ne -10°C.
Kuti ugadzire makristasi echando, ice core (ice core) inodiwa. Kuti uwane pfungwa yezviyero zvatakurukura, donhwe rega rega rinenge 0,001 microns muhukuru (1 micron miriyoni imwe yemamita). Kune rimwe divi, kugadzira donhwe remvura rinogona kupfuura nepamusoro peupdraft uye kusvika pamusoro, rinofanira kuyera 1 millimeter, saka iyo condensation nucleus inofanirwa kuunganidza madonhwe anosvika miriyoni.
Sei makore achiyangarara?
Makore anogona kutatamuka kwemakiromita akatwasuka uye akachinjika, achiyera matani, uye achiri “kutenderera” mumhepo. Isu takaratidza mundima dzakapfuura kuti nekuda kwekubhururuka, mhepo inodziya inokwira mumhepo, iyo inofambiswa negomo rinotonhorera kana imwe mhepo. Muenzaniso wakanaka unoratidza kupenya kunoenderana nemakore kuenzanirana nekuwanda kwemhepo yaanenge ari.
Tora semuenzaniso wakajairika cloudlet ine urefu hwemamita 3000 uye 1 cubic kilometer, mvura yayo yemvura inokwana 1 g/cubic mita. Huremu hwemakore particles hunosvika miriyoni makirogiramu, zvakada kuenzana nehuremu hwemotokari mazana mashanu. Asi huremu hwose hwemhepo yakapoteredza mucubic kilometer imwe cheteyo hunenge makirogiramu bhiriyoni, hunorema zvakapetwa ka1 500 pane mvura! Saka kunyangwe makore chaiwo aine mvura yakawanda, nekuti huwandu hwawo hudiki pane hwemhepo yakapoteredza, anoita seanoyangarara mudenga, achizunguzika pahurefu hwakafanana nekufamba kunoita mhepo.
Cloud mhando
Kana tangoziva kuti makore akagadzirwa nei, tinofanira kuziva kuti ndeapi marudzi aripo. Makore anogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama uye anoiswa muzvikamu maererano nehurongwa hwepasi rose hwakagadzirwa muna 1803 neBritish chemist uye amateur meteorologist Luke Howard, akaronga makore mumapoka mana makuru kana mafomu:
- cirriformis, makore e<em>cirrus, anosimudzwa, mapaipi akaita sedanda akagadzirwa nekristaro yeaizi;
- Stratiform, stratus, makore akaturikidzana anogara achiunza mvura inonaya;
- nimbiformes, makore, makore anokwanisa kugadzira kunaya kwemvura;
- cumuliforms, cumulus, fuffy flat-based makore anoyambuka denga rechirimo.
Azvino makore ekuisa masisitimu anosanganisira akawanda musanganiswa uye kupatsanurwa kweaya mana ekutanga mapoka. Kana meteorologist ichitaura nezvekunaya, zvinoreva mvura, sinou, kana chero rudzi rwemvura kana mvura yakasimba inodzika kana kudonha kubva kudenga. Kunaya kunopimwa nemageji emvura. Iyo yakareruka yejeji yemvura igaba rakatwasuka rine chikero kana rura rekuyera hudzamu hwemvura inowira mairi. Zvizhinji zvezvishandiso izvi zvinotarisa kunaya kwemvura muchubhu yakatetepa kuyera nemazvo mashoma ekunaya kwemvura. Kufanana nezvimwe zviridzwa zvemamiriro ekunze, jeji remvura rinogona kuitwa kuti rinyore kuyerwa kwayo nguva dzose.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve makore akagadzirwa uye kuti akaumbwa sei.