ari swamp inzvimbo yakati sandara, isina kudhonzwa zvakanaka yemvura isingaperi kana yechinguvana, isina kudzika, yakafukidzwa nezvinomera. Matunhu emvura anoumbwa nemafashamo anokonzerwa nemvura, mafashamo nekuda kwekufashukira kwerwizi kana dhamu, kana nekuita kwemafungu. Kana madhaka emvura yakachena ari mahombekombe emvura yemunyu, anonzi bogs kana estuaries nemachakwi. Aya ecosystems anoonekwa sewetland, ndosaka achiverengerwa muRAMSAR protocol nekuda kwekukosha kwazvo mukutenderera kwemvura.
Muchinyorwa chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve machakwi, maitiro avo uye akasiyana marudzi aripo.
Mhando huru
Relief uye hydrology
Mabhogi anoitika munzvimbo dzakaderera, dzakati sandara, kana dzakaora mwoyo dzine mvura isina kunaka uye inoratidzwa nekuvapo kwemvura isina kudzika uye miti yakawanda. Iyi danda remvura rinogona kuvapo zvachose kana kwenguva refu.
Mvura inobva mukupfachukira (mafashamo) kana mvura yerwizi kana dhamu, yakasanganiswa nevhu risina kucheneswa zvakanaka uye kupinza zvishoma (ponding).
Mvura
Nekuda kwekudzika kudzika kwemvura yemachakwi, machakwi emumvura akapfuma muzvinomera uye akaderera mumhepo yakanyungudika. Uye zvakare, iyo yakakwira yemukati ma organic compounds mukumiswa uye yakanyungudika organic acids mumvura inoita pH acidic.
Ini ndinowanzo
Sezvo ivhu riri pasi pemafashamo echigarire kana ari pedyo-asingaperi, ane anoxic (asina oxygen yakachena), zvichiita kuti kuchinjana kwegasi kuve kwakaoma. Chimiro chevhu chinokanganiswawo nekuparara kwezvikamu, sezvo unyoro hunoita kuti simende iome.
Ivhu iri rinopinda maitiro ekudzikisa senge denitrification (kushandurwa kwenitrate kuita nitrogen). Kazhinji ivhu rinorema, kureva, rine ivhu rakawanda mukugadzirwa. Mutsara we greyish-green calcareous ivhu inounzwa, chigadzirwa chekuvapo kweferrous iron nekuda kwekuderedza maitiro.
peat
Kuora kwechikamu kweiyo organic matter kunoitika nekuda kwekuwandisa kwemvura, acidic pH, uye bhakitiriya chiito. Iyo nzira inoburitsa kurasikirwa kwehydrogen uye, pasi pemamiriro aya, kuumbwa kwe dense carbonaceous substance inonzi peat.
Microbial maitiro
Iko kusanganiswa kwenzvimbo dze aerobic (neyemahara okisijeni) nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeanaerobic (pasina oxygen) inopa kusimudzira kwemaitiro akasiyana. Mumachakwi, basa revanoparadza rakawedzera.
Munzvimbo idzi kune maitiro ekugadzirwa kwe sulfides nekuderedza sulfates mumamiriro akanaka echiedza. Ndichiri munzvimbo dzeanaerobic uye dzine shaded, mabhakitiriya emethanogenic anogadzira methane (methanogenesis).
Climate
Mamiriro okunze anochinja zvikuru sezvo machakwi achiwanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa uye munzvimbo dzine mwero uye dzinotonhora.
mhando dzemachakwi
Machakwi acho anorongwa maererano nemaitiro akasiyana, zvichienderana nemunyu wemvura inoaumba kana kuti rudzi rwezvinomera zvinogara maari.
mvura ine munyu
Inopindirana neanonzi machakwi, machakwi emahombekombe anowanzo sangana nema estuaries. Machakwi aya anoumbwa nenzizi dzinopfachukira mumakomba ari pedyo nepanoyerera mvura.
Inowanikwa muvhu rejecha asi yakafukidzwa nemvura yakakwirira (mvura yepasi inopihwa nenzizi dziri pedyo). Mhando yezvinomera zvinomera inzvimbo ine madhaka, inodzorwa nerushes, sedges, uye uswa, kuwedzera kune algae nezvimwe zvinomera zvemumvura.
mvura yakachena
Rudzi urwu rwemachakwi rwunoitika mukunyura kwemukati menyika nekuda kwemafashama anokonzerwa nemvura inonaya kana mafashama emvura. Ivhu rinowanzoita clayey uye zvinomera zvinogona kunyanya kuoma, nemiti, shrubs nemishonga.
Flora
Mhando yemiti inogara mumatope inofanira kuenderana nekuvapo kwekusingaperi kwemvura. Panyaya yemadhaka ane brackish, chinodzikisira chemunyu chinowedzerwa.
Machakwi ecosystem haana kufanana, nenzvimbo dzinoverengeka dziri kusimukira dzichichinjana nenzvimbo dzakakura dzakazara nemvura. Izvi zvinotarisa kugovaniswa kwezvipenyu zvichibva pakukwanisa kwavo kutsungirira kunaya kwemvura zhinji. (kuwandisa kwemvura).
Nenzira iyi, vanogona kuwanikwa mumvura yakanyura, midzi uye inoyangarara, uye mune mamwe marudzi emvura asingarambi mafashamo kwenguva yakareba.
Herbs uye Shrubs
Pakati pehuswa hunodzika midzi pasi penzvimbo dzakazara nemvura ndeye tsanga (Azalea). Uye ayo anoyangarara ndeabora (Eichhornia spp.) uye maruva akasiyana-siyana emvura. Ma<em>halophyte anotekeshera munzvimbo dzine madhaka, kureva kuti, nyika dzinoshivirira kuva nemunyu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kupfeka saladi ( Sporobolus virginicus ) uye munyu beet ( Limonium vulgare ).
Mamwe ma halophyte anonzi Atriplex (anonzi halophytes) uye wiregrass (Spartina spp.). Mukuwedzera, makate nemakwenzi, zvakadai semachakwi rose (Rosa palustris) muNorth America, anowanikwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzine machakwi kupota nyika.
Miti
Tropical zone
Mumachakwi ane miti. kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana anogona kutsungirira mafashamo zvachose. Izvi zvinosanganisira Guiana chestnut (Pachira waterica), muti unosvika 18 m kureba une mhodzi dzinodyiwa.
Mamwe marudzi emichindwe senge labón kana palo cruz (Tabebuia nodosa), the curupí (Sapium haematospermum) nepindó (Syagrus romanzoffiana).
Yakadzikama nzvimbo
Kunyange munzvimbo dzine mwero kune machakwi conifers, swamp cypress (Taxodium distichum), machakwi anofanana neLouisiana (USA). Uyewo mhando yeQuercus, American bog oak kana bog oak (Quercus palustris).
Saizvozvo, tupelo aquatic chirimwa (Nyssa Aquatica) inonzi angiosperm inowanikwa munzvimbo dzine machakwi kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUnited States.
fauna of
Tropical zone
Shiri dzakaita se capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), marsh deer (Hippocamelus antisensis) nemhembwe (Jabiru mycteria) dzinogara munzvimbo dzinopisa. Kunewo mamwe makarwe (Caiman crocodilus, Caiman yacare. Crocodylus moreletii) nepython (Eunectes murinus).
Yakadzikama nzvimbo
mumachakwi subtropical kana kudzikama zvipuka zvihombe zvakaita seMississippiensis alligators nemakarwe. Kune zvakare mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakadai seCanadian otter (Lontra canadensis), uye shiri dzakadai seflamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber).
Kuchengetedza hutano hwezvinhu zvese izvi zvipenyu kwakakosha kurwisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kurasikirwa kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuvapo kwezviwanikwa zvakakosha zvevanhu. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve machakwi uye maitiro avo.