Sezvo isu tichiziva, kuti tiite hydraulic simba isu tinofanirwa kudururira huwandu hwakawanda hwemvura kuburikidza nevemvura kuti tifambise turbine. Imwe yetijini dzinonyanya kushandiswa mu hydraulic simba ndiyo Kaplan turbine. Iyo hydraulic jet turbine iyo inoshandiswa nediki gradients kusvika kune mashoma makumi emamita. Kuyerera kunogara kuchidikanwa kwakakura kuitira kuti huwandu hwesimba hubudiswe.
Munyaya ino tichaenda kukuudza izvo iyo Kaplan turbine inoumbwa, chii hunhu hwayo uye kuti inoshandiswa sei kugadzira hydraulic simba.
Chii chinonzi Kaplan turbine
Iyo hydraulic jet turbine iyo inoshandisa zvidiki gradients pakukwirira kubva pamamita mashoma kusvika kune mashoma makumi. Imwe yeakanyanya hunhu ndeyekuti inogara ichishanda ine yakakwira kuyerera mwero. Inoyerera iri pakati pe200 kusvika mazana matatu emamichubhu pasekondi. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuchizvarwa chemagetsi emagetsi, ichi chiri chimiro chesimba rinowedzerwazve.
Iyo Kaplan turbine yakagadzirwa muna 1913 naAustria Professor Víktor Kaplan. Iyo mhando ye propeller-yakaumbwa hydraulic turbine uko ivo vane mashizha anogona kutungamirwa kune akasiyana kuyerera kwemvura. Isu tinoziva kuti kuyerera kwemvura kunosiyana zvichienderana nekusimba kwehuwandu. Nekugona kuve nemashizha akatarisana nekuyerera kwemvura, tinogona kuwedzera mashandiro nekuachengeta akakwira kumusoro kuyerera mwero we20-30% yezita rekuyerera.
Chinhu chakasarudzika ndechekuti turbine iyi inouya yakashongedzerwa neakagadziriswa stator deflectors ayo anobatsira kutungamira kuyerera kwemvura. Nenzira iyi, chizvarwa chesimba remagetsi chakagadziridzwa. Iko kushanda kweiyo Kaplan turbine inogona kushandiswa kune yakafara nzira yekuyerera zvichienderana nezvinodiwa. Sezvineiwo, turbine inofanirwa kugadzirirwa ichishandisa nzira yekutarisisa matinoisa iyo stator deflectors kana kuyerera kwachinja. Hatisi kugara tiine kuyerera kwemvura kwakafanana sezvo tichivimba nemvura inonaya uye matura emvura.
Kana mvura yacho yasvika paKaplan turbine, nekuda kwerukova rwakagadzirwa nemhepo, inoshanda kupa iyo yakatenderera yese zvakakwana. Kana mvura iya yangosvika paturbine inopfuura napakati pemugovera iyo inopa chinoyerera kutenderera kwacho. Apa ndipo pane impeller inokonzeresa kutsausa kuyerera kwemadhigirii makumi mapfumbamwe kuti igadzirise axially.
Mhando huru
Kana isu tine propeller turbine isu tinoziva kuti mutemo unenge usiri nil. Izvi zvinoreva kuti turbine inogona chete kushanda mune imwe nhanho, saka muparidzi haatombogadzikike. Tiine Kaplan turbine tinowana kutariswa kwemapazi ekuchinjika kuti aenderane nekuyerera kwemvura. Uye zvakare, kufamba kwacho kunoenderana nekuyerera kwazvino. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti yega yega yekuparadzira seti inowirirana neakasiyana maitiro eayo mashizha. Nekuda kweizvi, zvinokwanisika kushanda pamwe goho repamusoro kusvika pamakumi mapfumbamwe muzana muhuwandu hwakawanda hwekuyerera kwemitengo.
Munda wekushandiswa kwema turbine aya unosvika pakudonhedza kwakanyanya kumatunhu akakwirira e80 metres uye inoyerera kusvika padanho rekuyerera remakumi mashanu emamita cubic pasekondi. Izvi zvishoma zvinopfuura nzvimbo yekushandisa iyo Francis turbine. Iyi turbines vakangosvika donhwe regumi remamita uye vakapfuura mazana matatu emamichubhi pasekondi mukuyerera.
Kugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi zvakajairika kuona Kaplan turbines. Iwo ndiwo enjini dzinofambisa dzinoshanda pauzere hunyanzvi uye dzinopindura mushe kune chero rakawandisa mvura. Nekuda kwema turbine aya vanobvisa yakawanda mari yekuisa sezvo iyi turbine inodhura kupfuura iyo propeller turbine asi iyo yekumisikidza inova inoshanda zvakanyanya mukufamba kwenguva.
Anoshanda sei ma turbine mu hydropower
Kana isu tichida kuchengeta voltage inobuda nguva dzose mune yekuisa magetsi, kumhanya kweturbine kunofanira kugara kuchichengetwa nguva dzose. Isu tinoziva kuti kumanikidza kwemvura kunosiyana zvichienderana nekuyerera kwemwero uye kusimba kwazvinowira. Nekudaro, iyo turbine kumhanya inofanirwa kuchengetwa nguva dzose zvisinei nekusiyana uku kwekumanikidza. Kuti urambe wakadzikama, nhamba hombe yekutonga inodiwa mune dzese turbine yeFrancis uye yeKaplan turbine.
Pelton vhiri kumisikidza kazhinji kunoitwa uko kuyerera kwemvura kunobatsira kudzora nekuvhura nekuvhara iyo ejector nozzles. Kana paine Kaplan turbine mune ino nzvimbo, inoburitsa inopfuura mbichana inoshandiswa kubatsira kudzikisira nekukurumidza shanduko dzazvino mumidonho migero inogona kungoerekana yawedzera kumanikidza kwemvura. Nenzira iyi isu tinoona kuti zvinofambisa zvinogara zvakachengetwa munzira isingagone uye hazvikanganiswe neshanduko yekumanikidza kwemvura. Izvi zvinowedzera mukumanikidza kwemvura zvinozivikanwa sando dzemvura. Zvinogona kukuvadza zvakanyanya kune zvivakwa.
Nekudaro, neese aya marongero, kuyerera kwemvura nguva dzese kuburikidza nemabhuru kunochengetwa kuitira kuti kufamba kwemataipi eturbine irambe yakatsiga. Kuti udzivise sando dzemvura, mabudiro emabhomba akavharwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Iwo ma turbine anoshandiswa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi anowirirana zvichienderana nemamwe marudzi:
- For the kusvetuka kukuru uye kuderera kwekuyerera mitengo Pelton turbines anoshandiswa.
- Kune avo misoro midiki asi nekuyerera kwakakwirira Francis turbines anoshandiswa.
- En mapopoma madiki kwazvo asi nekuyerera kukuru kwazvo Kaplan uye propeller turbines anoshandiswa.
Hydroelectric zvinomera zvinoenderana nemvura yakawanda iri mumatura. Kuyerera uku kunofanirwa kudzorwa uye kunogona kuchengetwa zvakada kuita kuitira kuti mvura itakurwe nemu ducts kana penstocks. Kuyerera kunodzorwa kuburikidza nemavharuvhu kugadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura iyo inopfuura nepakati peturu. Huwandu hwemvura inobvumidzwa kupfuura nepane turbine zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemagetsi panguva imwe neimwe. Iyo yakasara yemvura inobuda kuburikidza nenzira dzekubuda.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Kaplan turbine uye hydropower chizvarwa.