Mumunda we chemistry tine machemical reaction anoitika pakati pemamorekuru nemaatomu. Nhasi tichataura nezve iyo hydrolysis. Hydrolysis rudzi rwemakemikari maitiro anogona kuitika pakati pezvinhu zvisina kujairika uye nemakemikari mamorekuru kana ioni. Hunhu hukuru hwehydrolysis ndeyekuti inosanganisira kutora chikamu kwemvura kuitira kuti zvisungo zvidambuke.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza nezvese hunhu uye kukosha kwehydrolysis mumunda wemakemikari.
Chii chinonzi hydrolysis
Tiri kutaura nezverudzi rwemakemikari maitiro anogona kuitika pakati pezvose zvipenyu nemaorganic mamorekuru. Iyo yakakosha mamiriro ndeyekuti mvura inofanira kuve yakabatanidzwa kuitira kuti igone kudambura zvisungo zvemamorekuru aya. Izwi rekuti hydrolysis rinobva ku Greek hydro, zvinoreva kuti mvura uye kubva ku lysis, zvinoreva kuputika. Yakashandurwa muchimiro, hydrolysis inogona kuzivikanwa sekuparara kwemvura. Mune ino kesi, isu tiri kutaura nezve kudamburwa kwezvisungo zvevamwe vanogadziriswa kuburikidza nekutora chikamu kwemvura.
Morekuru remvura rinoumbwa nemaatomu maviri ehydrogen uye maatomu eokisijeni. Kutenda nekubatanidzwa kwemaatomu, kuenzana kunoumbwa pakati pe ions yemunyu weasina simba acids uye mabhesheni. Acids uye mabheseni ipfungwa dzinoonekwa mune zvakajairika zvidzidzo zvemakemikari uye analytical chemistry. Hydrolysis inogona kunzi ndiyo imwe yeakareruka makemikari maitiro kunze uko. Iyo yakaenzana equation yehydrolysis ndeinotevera:
AB + H2O = AH + B-OH
Kune mienzaniso yakati wandei yehydrolysis uko mvura kana iyo pachayo isingakwanise kutyora imwe covalent bond. Isu tinorangarira kuti chisungo chakabatana ndechimwe umo mamorekuru akati wandei asina hunhu hwesimbi anobatana pamwechete kuti vagadzire imwe morekuru. Icho chisungo chinobatana navo chinozivikanwa sechisungo chakabatana. Kana mvura yega isingakwanise kutyora chisungo ichi, maitiro acho anomhanyisa kana kuomeswa neac acidification kana alkalization yepakati. Kureva, pamberi ions, hydrolysis anogona catalyzed. Uye ndezvekuti pane ma enzymes ayo anokwanisa kudzora makemikari maitiro ehydrolysis.
Mhando huru
Ngatione kuti chii hunhu uye chii hydrolysis ine. Rudzi urwu rwekuita runotora nzvimbo yakakosha kana zvasvika kune biomolecule. Uye ndezvekuti zvisungo zvinobata mamonoremu pamwe chete zvinokanganisa hydrolyzing pasi pemamwe mamiriro. Ndokunge, zvisungo zvakabatana zvine mamorekuru zvakasungirirwa zvinogona kudamburwa pamberi pemvura. Muenzaniso weizvi shuga. Shuga inokwanisa hydrolyzing kuputsa polysaccharides kuita monosaccharides. Izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwechiito chema enzymes anozivikanwa seglucosidases.
Iyo inofanirwa kutariswa kuti haisi iyo chete molekemu substrate iyo inodambura chisungo. Mvura pachayo inoputsika uye pakupedzisira inoparadzanisa ions. Kutsemuka kwemvura kuita H + uye OH-, uko H + kunopera naA, uye OH- naB.B zvinoita nemolekororo yemvura, zvichipa zvigadzirwa zviviri, AH neB-OH.
Naizvozvo, isu tinogona kutaura kuti hydrolysis ikemikari inoitika inopesana nekudzora. Kubva pakunyunguduka, zvigadzirwa zviviri zvinobatana nekusunungura mamorekuru madiki. Morekuru iri mvura. Pane zvinopesana, muhydrolysis mamorekuru anodyiwa, nepo mukugwamba iyi electrolysis molecule inopedzwa, kusunungurwa kana kugadzirwa.
Kuita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa, ticha tsanangura muenzaniso weshuga zvakare. Ngatifungei kuti AB ndeye sucrose dimer. Mune ino kesi A inomiririra glucose uye B inomiririra fructose. Ichi chisungo mukati, icho chinozivikanwa nezita re glycosidic, chinogona kuve hydrolyzed kupa kumwe kune maviri akapatsanurwa monosaccharides uye mhinduro. Izvi zvinoitikawo nemaoligosaccharides uye polysaccharides kana ma enzyme ari iwo anoita mukuita.
Isu tinoziva kuti ichi chemakemikari maitiro ane chete nzira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti iri mhando yeasina kuchinjika hydrolysis. Kune rimwe divi, kune hydrolysis maitiro ayo anodzoserwa kana kuenzana kwasvika.
Mienzaniso ye hydrolysis reaction
Ngatione kuti ndeipi mienzaniso mikuru yehydrolysis inoitika zvakasikwa. Chekutanga pane zvese, kuona iyo hydrolysis reaction yeATP. Isu tinoziva kuti iyi mamorekuru ine yakagadzikana pH kukosha pakati pe6.8 na7.4. Nekudaro, kana iyo pH tsika ikawedzera kuti iwedzere kuve alkaline, inogona hydrolyze pakarepo. Muzvinhu zvipenyu, hydrolysis inogadziriswa nema enzymes anozivikanwa nezita reATPases. Icho chimiro che exergonic chemakemikari maitiro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti entropy yeADP yakakura kupfuura iyo yeATP, saka iyo yemahara simba kusiana kunoitika nehydrolysis yeATP. Iyi mhando yehydrolysis inoshandisa akawanda endergonic maitiro.
Akabatanidzwa maitiro ndeimwe mhando yekuita uko hydrolysis inoitika. Mune zvimwe zviitiko inoshandiswa kuchinjisa komboni A kuita mukomboni B. Muenzaniso wakanyanya kuzivikanwa wehydrolysis unowanzoitika mumvura. Zvinoita sekunge rimwe remamorekuru emvura rinogona kutsemurwa kuita maion uye hydrogen proton zvisungo neatomu yeoksijeni yemamwe mamorekuru emvura. Izvi zvinopa hydronium ion. Inogona kunzi inopfuura hydrolysis se autoionization kana autoprotolysis yemvura.
Pakupedzisira, imwe yezvikamu uko maitiro aya anogadzirwa nenzira yakajairika mumapuroteni. Isu tinoziva kuti mapuroteni akagadzikana mamorekuru uye kuti vawane yavo yakazara hydrolysis, zvakanyanya mamiriro ezvinhu anodikanwa. Isu tinorangarira kuti mapuroteni akaumbwa nemaamino acids. Nekudaro, zvipenyu zvakapihwa arsenal enzyme iyo inobvumira iyo hydrolysis yemapuroteni kuva amino acids mune duodenum.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve hydrolysis nehunhu hwayo.