Mukati meboka realgae tine microalgae iri mumvura uye unicellular. Pakati peizvi tine diatoms. Vanogona kunge vari verudzi rweplantonic, kureva kuti, vane hupenyu hwemahara kana kuumba makoroni. Diatoms inoratidzirwa nekuve nekugoverwa kwepasi rose, saka tinogona kuzviwana pasi rese.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvose zvaunoda kuziva nezve diatoms, maitiro avo uye kukosha.
Mhando huru
Pamwe chete nemamwe mapoka e microalgae, iwo chikamu chenhamba huru ye phytoplankton outcrops munzvimbo dzinopisa, subtropical, Arctic uye Antarctic mvura. Mabviro avo anodzokera kunguva yeJurassic, uye nhasi anomiririra rimwe remapoka makuru emamicroalgae anozivikanwa kuvanhu. dzine marudzi anopfuura 100.000 XNUMX anotsanangurwa pakati pekutsakatika nekutsakatika.
Ecologically, iwo chikamu chakakosha chewebhu chikafu cheakawanda biology masisitimu. Diatom sediments itsime rakakosha kwazvo rezvinhu zvipenyu zvinoungana pasi pegungwa.
Mushure mekuita kwenguva refu kwekuisa, kudzvanywa kwe organic zvinhu uye mamirioni emakore, sediments aya ave mafuta anotungamira budiriro yebudiriro yedu yazvino. Kare, gungwa raifukidza nzvimbo dzanhasi dzepasi. Dzimwe dzenzvimbo idzi dzichine madhipoziti epasi diatomaceous, inonzi diatomaceous Earth.
Iwo eukaryotic uye photosynthetic zvipenyu zvine diploid cell stage. Mhando dzose dzeiyi microalgae ivo vari unicellular uye vane hupenyu hwemahara fomu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ivo vanogadzira (spherical) makoroni, macheni marefu, masekete, uye spirals.
Hunhu hwakakosha hwemadiatoms ndeyekuti vane diatom shell. Diatom frustules imhando yemadziro esero anoumbwa zvakanyanya nesilicon dioxide, iyo inotenderedza maseru muchimiro chakafanana nePetri dish kana Petri dish. Chikamu chepamusoro checapsule ichi chinonzi epithelium uye chikamu chepasi chinonzi mortgage. Iko kushongedzwa kwegoko kunosiyana kubva kune imwe mhando kuenda kune imwe.
Diatom chikafu
Diatoms zvipenyu zvephotosynthetic: zvinoshandisa chiedza (solar energy) kuzvishandura kuita organic compounds. Aya organic makomisheni anodiwa kuti asangane neako biological uye metabolic zvinodiwa.
Kugadzira aya organic compounds, diatoms inoda chikafuMishonga iyi inonyanya nitrogen, phosphorus nesilicon. Chinhu chekupedzisira chinoshanda sechinodzikamisa chikafu nekuti chinodiwa pakuumbwa kwe diatom frustules.
Pakuita photosynthesis, aya ma microorganisms anoshandisa pigment senge chlorophyll uye carotenoids.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll igirini photosynthetic pigment iri muchloroplast. Mhando mbiri chete dzinozivikanwa mumadiatoms: chlorophyll a (Chl a) uye chlorophyll c (Chl c). Chl inobatanidzwa zvakanyanya mukuita photosynthesis; pane zvinopesana, Chl c inzvimbo yepigment. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa Chl c mumadiatoms ndeye c1 uye c2.
Carotenoids
Carotenoids iboka remavara emhuri ye isoprenoid. Mune diatoms, marudzi manomwe e carotene akaonekwa. Kufanana nechlorophyll, aya anobatsira diatoms kutora chiedza uye kuchishandura kuita organic chikafu makomisheni emaseru.
Kubereka mu diatoms
Diatoms inoberekana uye pabonde kuburikidza nemaitiro e mitosis uye meiosis, zvichiteerana.
Asexual
Imwe neimwe stem cell inopinda maitiro e mitosis. Zvigadzirwa zve mitosis, genetic material, nucleus, uye cytoplasm inodzokorora kugadzira vanasikana vaviri masero akafanana nesero remubereki.
Sero rega rega richangogadzirwa rinotora bepa kubva pa stem cell se epithelium yaro yobva yamisa kana kuumba chibatiso chayo. Iyi nzira yekuberekesa inogona kuitika 1 kusvika ku8 mumaawa makumi maviri nemana, zvichienderana nemhando.
Sezvo sero yega yega yemwanasikana ichizogadzira imba nyowani, sero remwanasikana rinogara nhaka yechikwereti chemba kubva musero remubereki richava diki pane sero rehanzvadzi yake. Sezvo iyo mitosis inodzokorora, huwandu hwevanasikana masero hunodzikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kuita hushoma hunogoneka.
Zvepabonde
Kuberekana kwesero rebonde kunosanganisira kupatsanurwa kwemasero ediploid (ane maviri makromosomes) kuita maseru ehaploid. Masero eHaploid anotakura hafu yegenetic makeup ye stem cell. Kana iyo diatom yezvinomera yasvika pakukura kwayo, kuberekana kwepabonde kunotanga pamberi peiosis. Iyi meiosis inobereka haploid uye isina kupfeka kana knotless gametes; gametes fuse kuita spores inonzi helper spores.
Iwo anobatsira spores anobvumira diatom kudzoreredza saizi yakakura ye diploid uye mhando. Ivo zvakare vanobvumira diatoms kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara. Aya maspores akasimba kwazvo uye anongokura nekuumba magoko azvo kana mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka.
Ecology uye maruva
Masero madziro e diatoms akapfuma mune silica, inowanzozivikanwa se silica. Nokudaro, kukura kwayo kunogumira nekuvapo kwekomboni iyi munzvimbo yayo inokura.
Sezvambotaurwa, kugoverwa kweiyi microalgae pasi rose. Ivo varipo mumvura yakachena uye yegungwa, kunyangwe munzvimbo umo huwandu hwemvura huripo hwakaderera kana kune imwe nhanho yekunyorova.
Mumitumbi yemvura, ivo vanonyanya kugara munzvimbo yepelagic (mvura yakazaruka), uye mamwe marudzi anoumba nharaunda uye anogara benthic substrates. Saizi ye diatom populations kazhinji haina kugadziriswa: nhamba yavo inosiyana zvakanyanya nedzimwe nguva. Iyi periodicity ine chekuita nekuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri uye zvakare zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari zvinhu zvakaita sepH, salinity, mhepo uye chiedza.
Kana mamiriro ari akanyanya kukodzera kusimudzira nekukura kwemadiatoms, chiitiko chinonzi kutumbuka kana kutumbuka chinoitika.
Munguva yekukwidziridzwa, diatom vanhu vanogona kutonga phytoplankton nharaunda chimiro uye mamwe marudzi anotora chikamu mune zvinokuvadza algal blooms kana mafungu matsvuku.
Diatoms inogona kugadzira zvinhu zvinokuvadza, kusanganisira domoic acid. Chepfu iyi inoungana mucheni yechikafu ichizobata vanhu. Muchetura wevanhu unogona kukonzera kupera simba uye matambudziko ekuyeuka, uye kunyangwe pakoma kana kufa. Zvinotendwa kuti kune anopfuura 100.000 marudzi e diatoms pakati pevasara (kupfuura 20.000 marudzi) uye kupera (vamwe vanyori vanotenda kuti kune marudzi anopfuura 200.000). Huwandu hwayo hunopa 45% yezvigadzirwa zvekutanga zvemugungwa.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve diatom mabasa uye maitiro avo.