Isu tinogara tichitaura nezve kusvibiswa kwemhepo, magasi anoburitswa kubva kumotokari nemaindasitiri, uye kudziya kwepasi nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Zvisinei, kune vanhu vakawanda vasingazivi chii chiri mhepo, ndeapi maitiro ayo, zvidimbu uye zvakakosha sei.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze kuti mhepo yakadini, chii mibhedha yayo uye kuti yakakosha sei kune hupenyu hwepasi.
chii chiri mhepo
Muchadenga igasi rakafanana rakatenderedza pasi kana kuti denga uye rinobatwa panzvimbo nesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Pane mamwe mapuraneti anogadzirwa kazhinji negasi, iyi dhizaini inogona kunyanya kukora uye yakadzika.
Mhepo yePasi inowanikwa makiromita angangoita 10.000 XNUMX kubva paPasi nedzimba iwo magasi anodiwa kuchengetedza tembiricha yakagadzikana yepasi uye kubvumira hupenyu kuti huve muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Kuyerera kwemhepo kuripo mairi kwakabatana zvakanyanya nehydrosphere (muunganidzwa wemvura yemapuraneti), uye vanopesvedzerana.
Mhepo yedu inogona kukamurwa kuita matunhu makuru maviri: iyo homogeneous layer (iyo yakaderera 100 makiromita) uye heterogeneous layer (kubva pamakiromita makumi masere kusvika kumucheto wekunze), dunhu rekutanga rakasiyana uye rine homogeneous zvichienderana nemhando dzemagasi anoigadzira. . nharaunda imwe neimwe Qualitative, uye stratified uye musiyano wechipiri.
Mabviro uye kushanduka kwemuchadenga kunogona kurondwa kumashure kusvika kumatanho ekutanga ePasi, umo gobvu regasi rekutanga rakaramba rakatenderedza Pasi, rinoumbwa zvakanyanya nehydrogen nehelium kubva kuzuva. Nekudaro, kutonhora zvishoma nezvishoma kwePasi uye kutaridzika kwehupenyu kwakachinja mhepo uye yakashandura zvirimo kusvika kumatanho atinoziva nhasi kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai sephotosynthesis uye makemikari synthesis kana kufema.
Mhando huru
Mhepo yepasi inoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagasi, vane mapeji epamusoro-soro ehuremu akaiswa mukutanga 11 km yehurefu (95% yemhepo iri muchikamu chayo chekutanga), iine huremu hwese hwe5,1 x 1018 kg.
Magasi makuru anoiumba (mune homogeneous sphere) initrogen (78,08%), okisijeni (20,94%), mhute yemvura (pakati pe1% ne4% padanho repamusoro) uye argon (0,93%). Nekudaro, mamwe magasi aripowo mune mashoma mashoma, zvakadai se carbon dioxide (0,04%), neon (0,0018%), helium (0,0005%), methane (0,0001%), nezvimwewo.
Kune chikamu chayo, iyo heterosphere inoumbwa neakasiyana akaturikidzana e molecular nitrogen (80-400 km), atomic oxygen (400-1100 km), helium (1100-3500 km) uye hydrogen (3500-10.000 km). Atmospheric pressure uye tembiricha zvinodzikira nekukwirira, saka goko rekunze rinotonhora uye rakatetepa.
Matanda emuchadenga
Mhepo yepasi inoumbwa nezvikamu zvinotevera:
- Nzvimbo yekutanga yasangana nepamusoro penyika, umo magasi akawanda emuchadenga akaungana. Inosvika kureba kwemakiromita matanhatu pamatanda uye makiromita gumi nemasere munyika yese, uye ndiyo inodziya kupfuura mamwe ese maumbirwo, kunyangwe tembiricha yayo yekunze inosvika -6°C.
- Inosiyana pakureba kubva pamakiromita gumi nemasere kusvika makumi mashanu uye inogoverwa muzvikamu zvakawanda zvegasi. Imwe yadzo ndeye ozone layer, uko radiation yezuva inokanganisa okisijeni kuumba ozone molecules (O18), inozivikanwa se "ozone layer". Iyi nzira inogadzira kupisa, ndosaka tembiricha yestratospheric yakakwira zvakanyanya kusvika -3°C.
- Mhepo yepakati, 50 kusvika 80 km yakakwirira, Ndiyo nzvimbo inotonhora zvikuru yemhepo yese, inosvika -80°C.
- Iyo ionosphere kana thermosphere. Kureba kwayo kunosiyana kubva pa80 kusvika ku800 makiromita, mhepo yakatetepa kwazvo, uye tembiricha inochinja-chinja zvichienderana nekusimba kwezuva: tembiricha yaro inogona kusvika 1.500 ° C masikati uye inodonha zvakanyanya usiku.
- Iyo yekunze layer yemhepo ine pakati 800 uye 10.000 makiromita kureba, isingaverengeki, ingori shanduko pakati pemhepo nekunze. Ikoko, kupukunyuka kwezvinhu zvakareruka kubva mumhepo, sehelium kana hydrogen, kunoitika.
ozone layer ye stratosphere
Ozone layer inzvimbo yakatenderedza pasi uye inodzivirira mwaranzi yezuva nemwaranzi yeultraviolet kusvika kune zvipenyu. Nzvimbo ye stratosphere yepasi iyo ine yakanyanya kuwanda ye ozone inonzi ozone layer kana ozone layer. Iyi layer inowanikwa pakati pemakiromita gumi nemashanu ne15 pamusoro pegungwa, ine 50% yeozone mumhepo uye inotora pakati pe90% ne97% yemwaranzi yeultraviolet. high frequency (150-300nm). Yakawanikwa muna 1913 nenyanzvi dzefizikisi Charles Fabry naHenri Bison.
British meteorologist GMB yakaongorora maitiro ayo zvakadzama. Dobson akagadzira simple spectrophotometer inogona kushandiswa kuyera stratospheric ozone paPasi penyika. Pakati pa1928 na1958, Dobson akagadzira network yepasi rose yeozone monitoring station ichiri kushanda nhasi. The Dobsonia unit unit of measurement yehuwandu hwe ozone, iyo ine zita rake.
Kukosha kwemhepo
Mhepo yakapoteredza pasi inoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira pasi noupenyu. Huremu hwayo hunokanganisa kana kudzikisira chimiro chemwaranzi yemagetsi kubva muchadenga, pamwe nemameteorite uye zvinhu zvinogona kupedzisira zvarova pamusoro payo, zvizhinji zvacho zvinonyungudika pakupinda nekuda kwekukweshana negasi.
Kune rimwe divi, iyo ozone layer (ozone layer) iri mu stratosphere, kuunganidzwa kwegasi iri. inodzivirira mwaranzi yezuva yakananga kupinda pasi penyika, zvichiita kuti tembiricha yePasi irambe yakasimba. Panguva imwecheteyo, huwandu hwegasi hunodzivirira kupisa kubva pakupararira nekukurumidza kuburikidza nechadenga, iyo inozivikanwa se "greenhouse effect".
Chekupedzisira, mhepo yemuchadenga ine magasi anodiwa kuhupenyu sezvatinoiziva uye inoita basa rakakosha mukufambisira mberi kutenderera kwemvura yekubuda kwemvura, kukonesa nekunaya kwemvura.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve izvo mhepo uye maitiro ayo.