El asbestos Iyo fibrous mineral inozivikanwa kubva kare uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri nekuda kweiyo yemuviri uye kemikari zvimiro izvo zvinoita kuti ive yakanakira chinangwa ichi. Mhando dzeAsbestos dzakakamurwa kuita serpentine uye amphibole mapoka zvichienderana neyakakombama kana yakatwasuka kumisikidzwa yemafibhi avo.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve asbestos, maitiro ayo uye njodzi.
Mhando huru
Panyaya yezvimiro zvayo, kuramba kwayo kupisa, abrasion, alkalis uye acids uye kuchinjika kwayo kunoita kuti ive chinhu chakakodzera kushandiswa sechinhu chinodzivirira muindasitiri yemachira uye mune mamwe akawanda minda. Iyo pathogenic njodzi yeasbestos yave ichizivikanwa kwemakore mazhinji nekuti inoramba iri mumapapu kwenguva yakareba, uye zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti inoshandura host mucociliary chiitiko, macrophage activation, uye kuputika kwemurevereri kusunungurwa, pamwe chete nekuwedzera kana kusanganiswa nehutsi hwefodya. Inotobatanidzwa nemamwe mavhairasi kana zvasvika kune yayo carcinogenic kugona.
Asbestos iminerari yave ichizivikanwa kubva kare. Nhoroondo dzakawanda dzinopupurira izvi.. Yakawanikwa mumidziyo yehari yokuFinnish yakatangira makore 4.500 XNUMX; zvinonziwo mwenje wegoridhe wemwenje wemwarikadzi Athena muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC. C. yakagadzirwa neasbestos. Tichifunga nezvezvinhu zveasbestos, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzese dzehupenyu, kushandiswa kwayo kwasvika pakakwirira mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, uye parizvino zvinopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvekushandisa zvinozivikanwa, zvisinei, mukuwedzera kune yakakura kushandiswa kwayo, inofanirwa kuwedzera zvakanyanya. njodzi yekukonzera chirwere zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, kunyanya munguva refu, sezvo ine incubation nguva inopfuura makumi maviri emakore.
Asbestos classification
Izwi rokuti asbestos (isina kupera, isingaparadzike) rinoreva boka remaminerari ane fibrous ane maumbirwo emakemikari akasiyana uye magadzirirwo. Zvisinei, pasinei nekurondedzerwa sekusingaperi uye kusingagumi, zvose asbestos inoora patembiricha inopfuura 800-1000 madhigirii. Kunyangwe kushandiswa kwayo kwakatanga kare, yakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri kubva muzana ramakore reXNUMX kusvika kushandiswa kwayo kwadzikira mumakumi emakore achangopfuura mushure mekunge simba rayo repathogenicity rakatangwa.
Iwo anokamurwa zvichienderana nekugadziriswa kwawo:
- boka renyoka (curved fibers): Iyo huru, chrysotile kana chena asbestos. Inowanikwa mu: Canada, Russia, yaimbova Soviet republics, Zimbabwe, neItaly.
- amphibole group (mafibhi akatwasuka): amosite kana brown asbestos, crocidolite kana bhuruu asbestos, amphibole kana yero asbestos, tremolite uye actinite. Vanowanikwa muSouth Africa neAustralia.
- Mafomu eAsbestiform: sepiolite, attapulgite, paligorskite, erionite (Turkey) uye talc yakasvibiswa neasbestos mumubhedha.
- Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa asbestos muindasitiri ndeye chrysotile (95% yekugadzirwa), inoteverwa necrocidolite uye amosite.
Asbestos properties
Asbestos isimbi, sodium, magnesium uye calcium ine crystalline chimiro uye akarongwa mushinda dzakanyatsonaka dzinobatana kuita shinda (Fibers: yakakura kudarika 5 microns pakureba, isingasviki 3 microns muhupamhi uye yakakura kudarika 3 microns pakureba/diameter).
Vane density inosvika 2,5 uye nzvimbo yekunyungudika inodarika 1.000 ºC. Nekuda kwekuumbwa kwavo kwemakemikari, iwo maminerari asingadziviriri kupisa (anoparadzwa patembiricha inopfuura 800 ºC).
Izvo zvinopesana nealkalis (chrysotile) uye acids (kunyanya amosite uye crocidolite), ndicho chikonzero iyo yekupedzisira inoshandiswa se insulators muindasitiri. Chrysotile fibers inoshanduka (inoshandiswa muindasitiri yemachira); amphibole fibers anowedzera brittle. Iwo anodzoreredza murazvo uye asinganyungudika, ane masimba makuru emagetsi uye kupfeka, saka anoonekwa seasingaparare.
Dangerousness
Kana inhaled, asbestos fibers inopfuura nepamhepo yekufema, nepo iyo inopfuura nemucociliary system inopinda mualveoli, iyo inogona kuve phagocytosed ne macrophages, inobviswa nemidziyo ye lymphatic, kana ine fibrotic kana carcinogenic mhedzisiro.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzeasbestos fiber dzine akasiyana emuviri uye makemikari zvimiro zvinotarisa njodzi ye pathogenicity. Iyo huturu hweasbestos fibers hunoenderana neiyo fiber chimiro, sezvo pasi asbestos isingakonzere chirwere.
Nekuda kwenjodzi yekuva nechirwere, zvese zviri zviviri zvose kusimba uye nguva yekuratidzwa zvakakosha. Kune zviyero zvebasa zvekuiswa kwefiber mumashifiti ebasa uye nharaunda.
Kugona kweasbestos fiber kugadzira pathology kunoratidzika kunoenderana neaerodynamic dhayamita, kureba, uye nguva yekugara munyama. Iyo yakakura dhayamita fiber inoiswa mumhino, trachea uye yakakura bronchi uye inobviswa ne mucociliary system. Avo vane dhayamita diki, vanofambira mberi, vanosvika pakufema bronchioles.
zvidzidzo zveasbestos
Muzvidzidzo zvemhuka, mafiber mapfupi (asingasviki 5 microns) akawanikwa haanyanyi kushanda mubiologically pane mafibhi akareba. Marefu mafibhi anosvika kualveoli anotendwa kuti anowedzera pathogenic nekuda kwekudzika kwawo. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti, kunze kwekuve nekuda kwenguva refu yekugara munzira idzi, nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzefiber idzi dzinokanganisawo sero metabolism.
Nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwavo, iyo yakareba, yakasungirirwa chrysotile fibers inochengetwa nyore nyore mu proximal bronchi nemucociliary system, nepo pfupi, yakaoma amphibole fibers inosvika munzvimbo dzebronchioloalveolar.
Vanyori vakati wandei vakadzivirira pesvedzero yeanotambira-anotsamira zvinhu pane pathogenic njodzi yeasbestos fibers. Pakati peizvi, zvakakwana mucociliary basa kubvisa inhaled fibers uye mamiriro ekudzivirira emugadziri, sezvo mhinduro yekuzvimba kune asbestos fibers inoratidzika kunge yakasimba mumhuka dzisina immunocompromised pane kutonga.
Mhuka dzinoverengeka uye zvidzidzo zvevanhu zvakaratidza kuti asbestos-activated macrophages secrete proinflammatory uye profibrotic cytokines, senge fibroblast growth factor, IL-1b, IL-6 uye TnF-a, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors, Neutrophil chemotaxis, fibronectin, PDGF. , eIGF-1, uye vamiririri vanopisa zvakadai se leukotriene B4 uye prostaglandin E2 vanoita basa rinokosha sevarevereri vechirwere.
Mumakore achangopfuura, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa izvozvo ratidza njodzi yakawedzera yegomarara (kenza yemapapu) yakabatana nekusangana neasbestos fiber mune vanoputa. Dziviriro yezvirwere zvemushandi inoita basa rinokosha. Rheumatoid factor uye antinuclear antibodies zvakawanikwa mu25-30% yevashandi vakafumurwa asbestos.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve asbestos, maitiro ayo uye njodzi.