Momwe galasi amapangidwira

M'malo athu timakhala ndi galasi lalikulu kulikonse. Komabe, si anthu ambiri akudziwa galasi amapangidwa bwanji. M'nkhaniyi tiphunzira momwe galasi ndi kristalo amapangidwira ndikupangidwira komanso kusiyana kotani pakati pa aliyense wa iwo. Masiku ano timagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zopangidwa ndi galasi ndi kristalo. Kugulitsa nyumba, magalimoto, magalasi, mabotolo amankhwala, mabotolo, zowonera pawailesi yakanema, zowunikira, zowerengera zamasitolo, nkhope zowonera, miphika, zokongoletsera ndi zina zambiri.

Choncho, tikupereka nkhaniyi kuti tikuuzeni momwe galasi imapangidwira komanso zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

Momwe galasi amapangidwira

Galasi amapangidwa ndi mchenga, ndipo ndi mchenga wokhala ndi chinthu chotchedwa silica, chomwe ndi maziko opangira galasi. Ndikofunikiranso kudziwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa galasi ndi kristalo. Zomwe zimatchedwa "crystal" ndi galasi, koma ndi kutsogolera. Koma tiyeni tione bwinobwino zonsezi.

Galasi amapangidwa kuchokera ku silika mumchenga ndi zinthu zina monga sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) ndi miyala yamchere (CaCO3). Tikhoza kunena kuti wapangidwa ndi 3 zinthu, chisakanizo cha mchenga wa quartz, soda ndi laimu. Zinthu zitatuzi zimasungunuka m'ng'anjo yotentha kwambiri (pafupifupi 1.400ºC mpaka 1.600ºC). Chotsatira cha kuphatikizika uku ndi phala lagalasi lomwe lakhala likuyendetsedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira, zomwe ndi njira zopangira, monga momwe tidzaonera pansipa. Monga tikuonera, zopangira galasi ndi mchenga.

Kupanga magalasi

Tidzawona njira 3 zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zopangira magalasi, kapena mofanana, kupanga zinthu zamagalasi.

• Makina opangira kuwombera: Zida zamagalasi (galasi losungunuka) limalowa mu nkhungu yopanda kanthu, yomwe mkati mwake imakhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe tikufuna kupereka galasi, kapena makamaka, mawonekedwe a chinthu chomaliza. Chikombolecho chikatsekedwa, mpweya woponderezedwa umalowetsedwa mkati kuti ugwirizane ndi makoma ake. Pambuyo kuzirala, tsegulani nkhungu ndikutulutsa chinthucho. Monga mukuonera, galasi losungunuka limakhala lopangidwa kale ndipo pamapeto pake mbali yotsalayo, yotchedwa flash, imadulidwa. Pansi pa tsamba, muli ndi kanema, kotero mutha kuwona chatekinoloje. Tekinolojeyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabotolo, mitsuko, magalasi, ndi zina. Tekinolojeyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabotolo, mitsuko, magalasi, ndi zina.
• Kupangidwa ndi kuyandama pa bafa ya malata: Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza mbale zamagalasi, mwachitsanzo kupanga magalasi ndi mazenera. Thirani zinthu zosungunukazo mu chitini chokhala ndi malata amadzimadzi. Popeza magalasi ali ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kuposa malata, amagawidwa pa malata (oyandama) kuti apange ma flakes, omwe amakankhidwira mu ng'anjo yamoto pogwiritsa ntchito makina odzigudubuza, momwe amazizira. Akazirala, mapepalawo amadulidwa.
• Zopangidwa ndi ma rollers: Zinthu zosungunuka zimadutsa munjira yosalala kapena granular lamination roll. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga galasi lachitetezo. Ndizofanana ndi njira yapitayi, kusiyana ndi kumene chipangizo chodulira chili, tili ndi chodzigudubuza chomwe chimatha kupanga ndi / kapena makulidwe a pepala musanadulidwe.

Magalasi ndi kristalo katundu

Makhalidwe ofunikira kwambiri a galasi ndi awa: owonekera, osasunthika, osalowa madzi, osagonjetsedwa ndi chilengedwe komanso mankhwala opangira mankhwala, ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala ovuta koma osalimba kwambiri. Kulimba kumatanthauza kuti sikukandwa mosavuta komanso kuphulika, kusweka mosavuta ndi tokhala.

Ndikofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa galasi ndi kristalo. Choyamba, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa galasi ndi kristalo. Crystal imapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana m'chilengedwe, monga quartz kapena crystal, kotero ndi yaiwisi.

Komabe, galasi ndi zinthu (zopangidwa ndi manja) chifukwa ndi zotsatira za kusakanikirana kwa zigawo zina (silika, soda ndi laimu). Kulankhula mankhwala, mchere, shuga ndi ayezi ndi makhiristo, komanso miyala yamtengo wapatali, zitsulo ndi utoto wa fulorosenti.

Koma dzina la galasi nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati liwu lachidziwitso chilichonse cha glassware chomwe chimakhala chokongola kwambiri kuposa mitsuko yagalasi kapena mabotolo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Chimene anthu ambiri amachitcha kuti "crystal" chikutanthauza galasi limene lead (lead oxide) wawonjezeredwa. Mtundu uwu wa "galasi" kwenikweni ndi "galasi lotsogolera." Galasi yamtunduwu ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake komanso kukongoletsa, ngakhale kuti ilibe mawonekedwe a crystalline. Amatchedwa kristalo ndipo ndi kristalo wamba wa magalasi ndi zokongoletsera.

Pofuna kupewa zolakwika, miyezo ya 3 yakhazikitsidwa yochitira galasi lotsogolera ngati kristalo. Malamulowa adapangidwa mu 1969 ndi gulu lalikulu lazamalonda ku European Union. Dziko la United States silinakhazikitsepo miyezo yakeyake, koma limavomereza miyezo ya ku Ulaya pazachikhalidwe.

Zinthu zitatu zomwe mungaganizire kristalo kukhala galasi lotsogolera ndi:

• Zomwe zimatsogolera zimaposa 24%. Kumbukirani, ndi galasi lotsogolera.
• Kachulukidwe ndi wamkulu kuposa 2,90.
• Refractive index ndi 1.545.

Komabe, palinso magalasi opangidwa mwachilengedwe, monga obsidian opangidwa ndi kutentha kopangidwa mkati mwa phiri lophulika, lofanana ndi galasi.

Monga mukuwonera, molakwika timatcha galasi lotsogolera kapena galasi la kuwala chifukwa mawonekedwe ake amatsanzira kristalo wachilengedwe. Kutsanzira uku kwakhala cholinga chachikulu cha opanga magalasi. Sitiyenera kuyika zinthu za kristalo kapena magalasi otsogolera m'mitsuko yobwezeretsanso magalasi. Mwachitsanzo, mababu kapena nyali, nyali za fulorosenti, ndi magalasi a vinyo amapangidwa ndi galasi m'malo mwa galasi. Komabe, galasi la khitchini wamba nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi galasi.

Pali chisokonezo chambiri pakati pa anthu ndi kuitana magalasi ndi mosemphanitsa. Tikangowona mapangidwe amtundu uliwonse, tikhoza kuona kale kusiyana kulikonse pakati pawo, kuwonjezera pa makhalidwe awo. Ndikuyembekeza kuti ndi chidziwitsochi mungaphunzire zambiri za momwe galasi imapangidwira.