Mmiri nitrogen

Taa, anyị ga-ekwu maka ya nitrogenous ntọala. Ha bụ ndị nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma nwekwaa purin abụọ na pyrimidines abụọ. A maara purines ka Adenine na Guanine, ebe Pyrimidines mara dị ka Thymine na Cytosine. Troj na fairies nwere nnukwu mkpa na DNA mmadụ.

Ya mere, anyị ga-arara isiokwu a iji gwa gị ihe niile ịchọrọ ịma gbasara ntọala nitrogenous, njirimara ha na mkpa ha.

Mmiri Nucleic

Mgbe anyị na-ekwu maka nucleic acid anyị na-ezo aka na biomolecules ndị ahụ ndị nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ha bu biopolymers nwere oke onu ogugu di elu ma nwekwaa ya site na obere nkeji ndi ozo bu ndi a maara dika nucleotides. Ọ bụrụ na anyị enyochaa ya site na nlekọta ahụike, nucleic acid bụ mkpụrụ ndụ buru ibu nke mejupụtara polymers nke polymer nke nucleotides. Ndị polymer niile jikọtara site na njikọta phosphate na-enweghị oge ọ bụla.

N'okwu a, a na-eke acid acid dị na deoxyribonucleic acid nke na-ebi n'ime oghere mkpụrụ ndụ na akụkụ ndị ọzọ na ribonucleic acid dị na cytoplasm. Ha mejuputara ogologo olu nke nucleotides nke ndi phosphate jikọtara. Ahughi udiri oge ahu n’etiti njiko ndia. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị kasị ukwuu mejupụtara ọtụtụ narị nde nucleotides n’otu usoro ihe na-adịghị arụpụta. Nke a bụ n'ihi ogo polymerization n'etiti nucleotides nwere ike ịdị oke elu.

N'otu ụzọ ahụ, protein ndị anyị na-eri site na nri bụkwa ndị polymer nke amino acid kwekọrịtara. Enweghị oge a na-ebute ịdị adị nke ozi. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtawo nke ahụ nucleic acid bu ihe omuma ihe omuma nke ihe omuma amino acid nile nke protein. A maara na enwere mmekọrịta n'etiti usoro abụọ ahụ, nke gosipụtara site n'ikwu na acids nucleic na protein bụ collinear. A kọwara nkọwa nke mmekọrịta a niile dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ nke na-ewepụta usoro nke nucleotides n'ime nucleic acid kwekọrọ na amino acid dị na protein.

Ekwesiri icheta na obu umu irighiri ihe ndi nwere ihe omumu banyere ihe di ndu ma obu ha bu ndi ozo.

Mmiri nitrogen

Ihe omuma banyere ngwangwa nke nucleic acid emeela anyi ka anyi muta ihe banyere usoro okike mmadu. N'ihi nke a, anyị maara usoro na njikwa nke njikọ protein na usoro nke nnyefe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma si na mkpụrụ ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.

Nke a bụ ebe mkpa nke ntọala nitrogenous bidoro ịbata. E nwekwara ụdị nucleic abụọ dị ka anyị kwuru n’elu. Nanị ihe dị iche n'etiti ha bụ shuga ha na-ebu. N'otu aka anyị nwere deoxyribose na n'aka nke ọzọ ribose. A na-ahụkwa ha site na ntọala nitrogenous ha nwere. N'ihe banyere DNA, anyị nwere adenin, guanine, cytosine, na thymine. N'aka nke ọzọ, na RNA anyị nwere adenin, guanine, cytosine, na uracil. Ihe dị iche bụ na nhazi nke ụdọ nke ntọala nitrogenous dị iche na DNA na RNA. Ọ bụ ezie na na DNA ha bụ eriri abụọ, na RNA ọ bụ otu eriri.

Nkọwa na ụdị nke nitrogenous bases

Anyị maara na ntọala nitrogenous bụ ndị nwere ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ọ bụ ezie na ntọala puric na pyrimidine dị ụtọ na mbadamba. Nke a dị mkpa mgbe anyị na-atụle usoro nke acid nucleic. Ekwesịrị m iburu n'uche na ntọala nitrogenous anaghị agbasasị na mmiri ma nwee ike ịmepụta ụfọdụ mmekọrịta hydrophobic n'etiti ha. Nke ahụ bụ, enweghị ike ijikọ ha ọnụ.

Njirimara ndị a nwere ntọala nitrogenous iji mee ka usoro akụkụ atọ nke acid nucleic mejupụtara DNA sie ike. Ntọala nitrogen na-enweta mgbe ọ bụla mgbe ha nọ nso nke ultraviolet electromagnetic spectrum n'etiti ụkpụrụ nke 250-280nm. Ejirila ihe a kemgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara ya maka ọmụmụ ihe ya na ogo ya.

Ntọala puric na-adabere na mgbanaka Purine. Enwere ike ịhụ ha ebe ha bụ sistemụ egbe nke mejupụtara atom atọ, 9 n’ime ha bụ carbon ma 5 n’ime ha bụ nitrogens. Na Adenine na Guanine sitere na purine. Ngwurugwu nitrogenous Pyrimidine dabeere na mgbanaka pyrimidine. Ọ bụ usoro dị larịị nke nwere akara atọ, 6 n'ime ha bụ carbons na ndị ọzọ 4 bụ nitrogens.

Mgbanwe ndị gbanwere na nucleosides

Ihe pyrimidine gbadara kpamkpam na mmiri, carbon dioxide na urea. Na mgbakwunye na ntọala purine na pyrimidine nke anyị tụlere, anyị nwekwara ike ịchọta ntọala gbanwere. Ogwe kachasị gbanwere agbanwe bụ 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, na 6-methyladenine, bụ ndị ejikọtara na nhazi nke okwu DNA. N'aka nke ọzọ, anyị nwekwara 7-methylguanine na dihydrouracil nke bụ akụkụ nke nhazi nke RNA, ebe ha nwere uracil.

Ndị ọzọ na-agbanwekarị ntọala bụ Hypoxanthine na Xanthine. Ha bụ metabolic intermediates nke bụ ngwaahịa nke mmeghachi omume nke DNA na mutagenic bekee.

Dị ka nucleosides, ha bụ njikọ nke ntọala pentose nke na-eme site na njikọ glycosidic n'etiti carbon nke otu ribose ma ọ bụ deoxyribose na nitrogen nke ntọala nitrogenous. N'ihe banyere pyrimidines ha na nitrogen 1 jikọtara ya, ebe ha na-ejikọ purines na nitrogen 9. A ghaghị iburu n'uche na na njikọ a mmiri molekul ahụ furu efu.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-anwa izere ọgba aghara na nomenclature nke nucleosides na nucleosides na ya mere, ọnụọgụ nke akara onye na-esochi ya ka enyere mgbe a na-ekwu okwu banyere atọ pentose. N'ụzọ dị otú a, enwere ike iche ya na ndị dị na nitrogenous base.

Enwere m olileanya na site na ozi a ị nwere ike ịmụtakwu banyere ntọala nitrogenous na njirimara ha.