Mitosis

Mkpụrụ ndụ nke ahụ anyị ga-ekewa n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu site na usoro nkewa sel a maara dị ka mitosis. N’usoro nke a mkpụrụ ndụ sel na - ekewa mepụta mkpụrụ nwanyị nwanyị ọhụrụ abụọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ae kere na ibe ha yiri onwe ha. Mitosis bụ akụkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nkewa sel ebe DNA nọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ na-ekewa n'ime usoro abụọ nke chromosomes.

N’isiokwu a anyị ga-agwa gị ihe niile ịchọrọ ịma gbasara mitosis yana mkpa ọ dị.

Gịnị bụ mitosis

Mitosis bụ usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ cell ebe DNA nke nucleus nke cell na-ekewa n'ime otu abụọ iji mepụta chromosomes. Imirikiti nkewa sel nke na-eme n’ahu gụnyere mitosis. Nkeji sel dị oke mkpa iji dịrị ndụ. N’oge usoro mmepe sel, mitosis na - ejuputa ahụ onye nwere mkpụrụ ndụ maka ndụ nke ihe dị ndụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na - enyere aka iji dochie mkpụrụ ndụ ochie na nke nọrọla na sel ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, otu mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic dị ka yist, nkewa mitotic bụ naanị otu ụzọ iji mụta nwa.

Ebumnuche nke mitosis bụ iji hụ na sel ọ bụla nwere ike ịnweta usoro zuru oke nke ntụpọ chromosome. Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ọtụtụ chromosomes ma ọ bụ kromosomes ezughi oke anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Fọdụ enweghị ike ịlanarị ma ọ bụ butere kansa. Nke a bụ nsogbu ụfọdụ ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ na-enweta mitosis ha anaghị ekewa DNA ha n’enweghị nsogbu kama ha na-atụba ya n’ikpo. N'adịghị ka ihe na-eme na DNA, ha na-ekesa kromosomes duputara abụọ na usoro nke usoro nlezianya.

Usoro nke mitosis

Ka anyị hụ ihe bụ isi nke mitosis bụ na mkpa ha dị. Usoro bụ 4 bụ isi: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase na Telophase. N'ime akwụkwọ ụfọdụ ị nwere ike ịhụla na enwere akụkụ nke ise. Agbanyeghị, mmadụ anọ akpọrọ aha bụ isi. Usoro ndị a niile nwere usoro dị n'usoro n'usoro n'usoro. Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na cytokinesis na-emekwa n'oge mitosis. Nke a bụ usoro ọrụ maka ịkekọrịta ọdịnaya nke sel nwere iji mepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọhụrụ abụọ. Usoro a nke cytokinesis na-amalite na anaphase ma ọ bụ telophase.

Oge mbido

N'ebe a ka mkpịsị osisi mitotic bidoro. Chromosomes na-ebukwa odida ma nucleolus nke sel na-apụ n'anya. Na nke a nke mitosis, sel ahụ malitere ịkụri akụkụ ụfọdụ nke sel cell iji wuo ndị ọzọ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkwadebe ebe kwesịrị ekwesị ka kromosomes nwee ike kewaa. Dika chromosomes jikota, ha puru ikewa ma kewapu ngwa ngwa. Ngwurugwu mitotic na-amalite ịmalite. Ọ bụ ihe ọzọ karịa ihe owuwu nke microtubules. Ndị a bụ eriri siri ike nke bụ akụkụ nke ihe na-aghọ ọkpụkpụ nke cell. Isi ọrụ nke mitotic spindle bụ ịhazi chromosom niile ma mee ka ha nọrọ n'ọnọdụ n'oge mitosis. Nke a na spindle na-eto n'etiti centrosomes ka ha na-ekewa.

Nuklea akode a ɛyɛ hu a etumi sɔre a wɔfrɛ no ribosomes bɛba. Akụkụ a dum na-apụ n'anya mgbe mitosis malitere. Eziokwu bụ na nucleolus malitere ịla n’iyi bụ otu n’ime ihe ndị na-egosi na nucleus amalitela ire ere.

Mbubreyo prophase

Ebe a na-achọ na envelopu nke ntọala ahụ na-ere ure ma chromosomes amalite na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ kpamkpam. Ugbua chromosomes ahụ dị nkenke karịa na envelopu nke na-ebido ịmalite imebi chromosomes. Mkpụrụ osisi mitotic na-eto ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa ụfọdụ microtubules na-ejide chromosomes. Microtubules ndị a nwere ike ịdọrọ na chromosomes na kinetochore. Kinetochore bụ ngalaba mejupụtara protein nke dị na centromere nke nwanne nwanyị ọbụla chromatid.. N'aka nke ọzọ, microtubules na-anaghị ekekọta na kinetochore na-arapara n'ahụ microtubules n'akụkụ osisi na-abụghị iji kwado spindle.

Metaphase

The metaphase bụ akụkụ nke mitosis ebe chromosomes nọworị na-ahụ maka ịkwado onwe ha na ibe ha na metaphase plate. N'ebe a, ha nọ na esemokwu site na mitotic spindle. The nwanne nwanyị chromatids nke ọ bụla chromosome na-weghaara ndị a microtubules si abụghị osisi. Na ihe atụ a, spindle bụ ọrụ maka ijide chromosomes niile.

Tupu ha abanye n’usoro na-esote, sel ndị ahụ na-enyocha na chromosom niile dị n’elu efere metaphase na kinetochores ha nwere njikọta na microtubules. Nke a bụ ebe nyocha a na-eme nke na-eme ka ihe niile na-aga nke ọma. Ọ bụrụ na chromosome anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, sel ahụ na - akwụsị ikewa ruo mgbe edozi nsogbu a.

Mitosis phase: Anaphase

N'oge a, chromatids kewapụrụ onwe ya ma na-adọta ya na okporo osisi ndị na-abụghị nke cell. Microtubules ndị etinyegoro na chromosomes na-agbanye mkpara nke spindle n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ. N'aka nke ọzọ, microtubules ndị dị na kinetochore na-adọta chromosomes na mkpanaka ndị ahụ. Zọ iji debe chromatids ọnụ bụ site na ụdị protein gluu. Iwu a nwere protein na n'oge anaaphase ọ ga-emecha pụọ ​​iji kwe ka chromatids kewaa. Ugbu a ọ bụla bụ chromosome nke ya. Chromosomes na nke ọ bụla na-adọta na nsọtụ nke cell. Microtubules ndị na-ejikọtaghị na chromosomes na-agbatị elu iji nwee ike ịkwaa na ikewa nkewa, na-eme ka sel dị ogologo.

Usoro ndị a niile na-akpali site na protein protein. Ha bụ igwe akwara nwere ike ịgagharị na sekit microtubule.

Telophase

Ọ bụ akụkụ ikpeazụ nke mitosis ma lee, spindle ga-apụ n'anya, akpụkpọ anụ nuklia nwere ike ịmalite n'akụkụ otu chromosomes. Chromosomes ha na-enwekarị obi nkoropụ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ ga-amatarịrị e guzobere.

Enwere m olileanya na site na ozi a ị nwere ike ịmụtakwu banyere usoro mitosis.